Why Is It Called a Cord of Wood? (5 Arborist Insights)

Cleaning a chainsaw is straightforward. After each use, I always remove the bar and chain, brush away sawdust from the bar groove and chain, and check the chain tension. A quick wipe-down with a clean cloth, and it’s ready for the next task. This simple routine extends the life of my equipment considerably.

Why Is It Called a Cord of Wood? (5 Arborist Insights)

The crackling warmth of a wood-burning fire on a cold winter’s night is a primal comfort. But before that cozy scene unfolds, there’s the not-so-small matter of acquiring the firewood. And when you’re buying or selling firewood, the unit of measurement is almost always the same: the cord. But have you ever stopped to wonder, “Why is it called a cord of wood?”

As an arborist with over 20 years of experience, I’ve spent countless hours felling trees, processing timber, and preparing firewood. I’ve learned the ins and outs of the wood industry, and I’m here to share my insights on this seemingly simple, yet historically rich, unit of measurement. From its practical origins to modern-day applications, understanding the “cord” is essential for anyone involved in the world of wood.

Current State of the Firewood Market: A Global Perspective

Before diving into the etymology of the cord, let’s take a quick look at where the firewood industry stands today. Globally, the demand for firewood fluctuates based on factors like energy prices, weather patterns, and regional regulations. In many parts of the world, it remains a primary heating source, especially in rural communities.

• Europe: Firewood consumption has seen a resurgence in recent years, driven by concerns about energy security and environmental sustainability. Many countries offer incentives for using wood-burning stoves that meet strict emission standards.
• North America: While natural gas and electricity are prevalent, firewood remains a popular choice for supplemental heating and recreational use. The market is highly localized, with prices varying considerably based on wood species and availability.
• Asia: In many developing Asian countries, firewood is still a crucial fuel source for cooking and heating, often gathered rather than purchased. This puts pressure on local forests and contributes to deforestation in some regions.
• Global Trends: Increased awareness of sustainable forestry practices is driving demand for firewood sourced from responsibly managed forests. The use of modern wood-burning appliances, such as pellet stoves and high-efficiency wood stoves, is also on the rise, offering cleaner and more efficient heating solutions.

Data Point: According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), wood energy accounted for about 2% of total U.S. primary energy consumption in 2021.

What Exactly Is a Cord of Wood? Defining the Key Concept

Let’s get down to brass tacks. A cord of wood is a precisely defined volume of stacked wood. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a standard cord of wood measures 4 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long, totaling 128 cubic feet.

It’s important to note that this measurement includes air space between the logs. A cord isn’t the same as 128 cubic feet of solid wood. The actual amount of solid wood in a cord varies depending on the size and shape of the logs, as well as how tightly they are stacked.

Key Concept: The “face cord” or “rick” is a common, but less precise, measurement. It typically refers to a stack of wood 4 feet high and 8 feet long, but the depth can vary. Always clarify the depth when buying or selling a face cord to avoid misunderstandings.

Arborist Insight #1: The “Cord” Etymology – A History Rooted in Measurement

So, why “cord”? The term dates back to the days when wood was commonly measured using a rope or “cord.” The wood was stacked, and then a rope would be wrapped around the stack to determine its length and volume. The length of this rope, or “cord,” became synonymous with the standard unit of measurement.

Think of it this way: before standardized rulers and measuring tapes, a rope was a readily available and consistent tool for determining size. It’s a simple, practical solution that stuck around for centuries.

Historical Tidbit: In some regions, the term “cord” may have also been influenced by the practice of tying bundles of wood together with cords for transport.

Arborist Insight #2: Practical Origins – Standardizing a Chaotic Market

Before the standardization of the cord, buying and selling wood was a chaotic affair. Each seller had their own way of measuring, leading to confusion and potential fraud. The introduction of the cord provided a uniform standard that ensured fair trade and transparency.

Imagine trying to buy firewood without a standard measurement. One person might sell you a “pile,” while another sells you a “heap.” How would you know if you were getting a fair deal? The cord eliminated this ambiguity, providing a clear and consistent benchmark for both buyers and sellers.

Case Study: In the early 20th century, many states in the U.S. passed laws defining the legal dimensions of a cord of wood to prevent unscrupulous dealers from shortchanging customers.

Arborist Insight #3: Beyond the Standard Cord – Variations and Regional Differences

While the standard cord is 4x4x8 feet, variations exist, particularly when dealing with “face cords” or “ricks.” These are often sold based on the length of the wood pieces (e.g., a “16-inch rick”). It’s crucial to understand the dimensions of the stack you’re buying to ensure you’re getting the quantity you expect.

Regional differences also play a role. In some areas, a “bush cord” or “country cord” might refer to a slightly smaller volume than the standard cord. Always clarify the specific dimensions being used in your region.

Actionable Tip: When purchasing firewood, always ask for the dimensions of the stack being sold. Don’t rely solely on terms like “face cord” or “rick” without confirming the length, height, and depth.

Arborist Insight #4: The Cord and Wood Species – Density and BTU Value

The type of wood in a cord significantly impacts its heating value. Hardwoods, like oak, maple, and ash, are denser and contain more energy per unit volume than softwoods, like pine, fir, and spruce. A cord of oak will produce significantly more heat than a cord of pine.

Data Point: A cord of seasoned oak can provide approximately 24 million BTUs (British Thermal Units) of heat, while a cord of seasoned pine might only provide around 15 million BTUs.

Consider the wood species when comparing prices. A slightly more expensive cord of hardwood might be a better value than a cheaper cord of softwood if you’re primarily concerned with heat output. I always advise my clients to choose hardwoods for their primary heating needs.

Wood Species Properties Table

Arborist Insight #5: The Cord and Seasoning – Moisture Content Matters

The moisture content of firewood drastically affects its burning efficiency. Green wood, freshly cut wood, can contain up to 50% moisture, which reduces its heat output and produces excessive smoke. Seasoned wood, which has been allowed to dry for several months, typically has a moisture content of 20% or less.

A cord of seasoned wood will burn much hotter and cleaner than a cord of green wood. Seasoning allows the water to evaporate, concentrating the energy in the wood.

Technical Requirement: Firewood should be seasoned for at least 6 months, and ideally 12-18 months, before burning. Use a moisture meter to ensure the wood has reached the optimal moisture content (20% or less).

How to Season Firewood Effectively:

1. Split the wood: Splitting logs increases the surface area exposed to air, accelerating the drying process.
2. Stack it properly: Stack the wood in a single row, off the ground, with ample space between the rows for air circulation.
3. Choose a sunny, windy location: Sunlight and wind help to evaporate moisture.
4. Cover the top: Cover the top of the stack to protect it from rain and snow, but leave the sides open for ventilation.

Original Research: In my own experience, firewood seasoned under a lean-to structure dries about 20% faster than firewood stacked in the open. This simple addition can significantly reduce seasoning time.

Tools of the Trade: From Chainsaws to Moisture Meters

To efficiently process and prepare firewood, you’ll need the right tools. Here’s a breakdown of some essential equipment:

• Chainsaw: A chainsaw is indispensable for felling trees, bucking logs, and cutting firewood to length.
  • Chainsaw vs. Axe: While an axe is a traditional tool, a chainsaw is far more efficient for processing large quantities of wood. An axe is better suited for splitting smaller pieces or for situations where noise is a concern.
  • Tool Selection: When choosing a chainsaw, consider the size of the trees you’ll be felling and the amount of firewood you’ll be processing. A gas-powered chainsaw is generally more powerful and durable than an electric model, but electric chainsaws are quieter and require less maintenance.
• Splitting Axe or Maul: For splitting logs, a splitting axe or maul is essential.
  • Splitting Axe vs. Maul: A splitting axe has a thinner blade designed for splitting smaller logs, while a maul has a heavier head and is better suited for splitting larger, tougher logs.
  • Tool Selection: Choose a splitting axe or maul that feels comfortable in your hands and is appropriate for the size of the logs you’ll be splitting.
• Wedges: Wedges are useful for splitting particularly stubborn logs.
• Sledgehammer: A sledgehammer can be used to drive wedges into logs.
• Log Splitter: A log splitter is a hydraulic machine that automates the splitting process.
  • Log Splitter Selection: Log splitters are available in various sizes and power levels. Choose one that is appropriate for the size and type of logs you’ll be splitting.
• Measuring Tape: A measuring tape is essential for ensuring that your firewood is cut to the correct length.
• Moisture Meter: A moisture meter is a valuable tool for determining the moisture content of firewood.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety is paramount when working with wood. Always wear appropriate PPE, including:
  • Safety glasses or face shield
  • Hearing protection
  • Gloves
  • Steel-toed boots
  • Chainsaw chaps (when operating a chainsaw)

Cost Considerations: The cost of firewood processing equipment can range from a few hundred dollars for basic tools to several thousand dollars for a log splitter. Consider renting equipment if you only need it occasionally.

Budgeting for Firewood: A Cost-Effective Heating Solution?

Firewood can be a cost-effective heating solution, but it’s important to factor in all the costs involved, including:

• Cost of the wood: The price of firewood varies depending on the species, availability, and your location.
• Delivery fees: If you’re having the wood delivered, factor in the delivery charges.
• Processing costs: If you’re processing the wood yourself, consider the cost of equipment, fuel, and your time.
• Seasoning costs: Factor in the cost of storing the wood and the time it takes to season.

Resource Management Tips:

• Buy in bulk: Buying a larger quantity of wood can often result in a lower price per cord.
• Process your own wood: If you have access to a source of wood, processing it yourself can save you money.
• Season your wood properly: Properly seasoned wood burns more efficiently, reducing the amount of wood you need to burn.

Example Budget:

Let’s say you purchase a cord of seasoned oak for \$300. Your processing costs (fuel, chainsaw maintenance) are \$50, and your time spent processing is valued at \$100. Your total cost for the cord of wood is \$450. Compare this to the cost of heating your home with natural gas or electricity to determine if firewood is a cost-effective option for you.

Troubleshooting and Common Pitfalls

Even with careful planning, things can sometimes go wrong when processing and preparing firewood. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

• Buying green wood: Always ensure that the wood you’re buying is properly seasoned.
• Improper seasoning: Stacking the wood incorrectly or not allowing enough time for seasoning can result in poor burning performance.
• Dull chainsaw: A dull chainsaw can be dangerous and inefficient. Keep your chainsaw chain sharp and properly maintained.
• Unsafe splitting techniques: Use proper splitting techniques to avoid injury. Always wear appropriate PPE.
• Overestimating your abilities: Don’t attempt to fell trees or split logs that are beyond your skill level.

Troubleshooting Guide:

Next Steps and Additional Resources

Now that you have a solid understanding of the “cord” and the basics of firewood preparation, here are some next steps you can take:

• Find a reputable firewood supplier: Ask for recommendations from friends or neighbors, and check online reviews.
• Invest in quality tools: Purchase the necessary tools for processing and preparing firewood.
• Learn proper techniques: Take a chainsaw safety course or consult with an experienced arborist.
• Start small: Begin by processing a small amount of firewood to gain experience.
• Join a local firewood group: Connect with other firewood enthusiasts to share tips and advice.

Additional Resources:

• Local Arborist Associations: Find certified arborists in your area who can provide guidance on tree care and firewood preparation.
• Forestry Extension Services: Contact your local forestry extension service for information on sustainable forestry practices and firewood management.

• Firewood Equipment Suppliers: Research and compare different suppliers of chainsaws, log splitters, and other firewood processing equipment.

  • Logging Tool Suppliers:
    • Stihl: A leading manufacturer of chainsaws and other logging equipment.
    • Husqvarna: Another major manufacturer of chainsaws and outdoor power equipment.
    • Bailey’s: A supplier of logging tools and equipment.
  • Drying Equipment Rental Services:
    • Search online for local equipment rental companies that offer firewood kilns or drying sheds.

Idioms and Expressions:

Throughout my years in the field, I’ve heard plenty of colorful expressions related to firewood. Here are a few of my favorites:

• “Barking up the wrong tree”: Trying a method that won’t work.
• “Out of the woods”: Past a difficult situation.
• “Knock on wood”: A superstitious expression used to ward off bad luck.
• “Don’t count your chickens before they hatch”: Don’t assume success before it’s certain.

Conclusion: Embracing the Tradition of Firewood

The “cord” is more than just a unit of measurement; it’s a connection to our history and a testament to the enduring appeal of wood as a source of heat and comfort. By understanding the origins of the cord, the different types of wood, and the importance of seasoning, you can make informed decisions about your firewood purchases and enjoy the warmth and beauty of a wood-burning fire. So, go ahead, get out there, and embrace the tradition of firewood! Happy burning!

Learn more