What Eats a Tree? (5 Surprising Bark Eaters in Wood Processing)

Ever wonder what a tree actually tastes like? I mean, really tastes like? While I might not be gnawing on bark myself (though I’ve definitely tasted sawdust more than once!), plenty of creatures find trees a delicious and vital part of their diet. We often think of insects as the primary wood-eaters, and they certainly are a major factor. But today, I want to delve into some of the surprising bark eaters that impact our forests and, by extension, our wood processing and firewood preparation efforts.

Before we dive into the bark-biting brigade, let’s set the stage. Globally, the wood processing and firewood industry is a substantial economic force, with the global logging market estimated to reach $1.4 trillion by 2027. A significant portion of this industry depends on healthy forests, which are constantly under pressure from various pests and diseases. Understanding what eats a tree is crucial for sustainable forest management and ensuring a steady supply of timber for all our woodworking and heating needs.

The Unseen Appetite: Bark Eaters and Their Impact

Bark eaters can range from tiny insects to large mammals, and their feeding habits can have significant consequences. While some only cause minor damage, others can weaken or even kill trees, leading to timber loss, increased fire risk, and disruption of forest ecosystems. This is especially concerning for those of us involved in wood processing and firewood preparation, as it directly impacts the availability and quality of our raw materials.

Now, let’s get to the juicy (or should I say, sappy?) part. Here are five surprising bark eaters that might be impacting your wood supply:

5 Surprising Bark Eaters in Wood Processing

1. Beavers: Nature’s Dam Builders and Bark Connoisseurs

Okay, beavers might not be that surprising, but their impact is often underestimated. These industrious rodents are famous for their dam-building activities, but they also rely heavily on tree bark for sustenance, especially during the winter months.

• Why They Eat Bark: Beavers are herbivores, and bark provides them with essential nutrients and energy. They primarily target the inner bark, or cambium, which is the living layer of cells just beneath the outer bark. This cambium is rich in sugars and starches, making it a highly nutritious food source.
• Target Species: Beavers have preferences! They often favor aspen, willow, cottonwood, and birch, but they will also consume other tree species, including conifers, when their preferred food sources are scarce.
• Impact on Wood Processing: Beaver activity can lead to the flooding of timber stands, making harvesting difficult and potentially damaging the wood. Their tree-felling activities can also alter forest composition and create gaps in the canopy, affecting the growth of other trees. I’ve personally seen entire stands of aspen decimated by beaver activity, leaving behind a tangled mess of downed trees.
• Data Point: Studies have shown that beaver activity can reduce timber yields by as much as 10-15% in certain areas.
• Mitigation Strategies: Implementing beaver management strategies, such as installing beaver deceivers (devices that prevent beavers from damming culverts), can help minimize their impact on timber production. Protecting riparian areas and promoting the growth of less palatable tree species can also deter beaver activity.

2. Porcupines: The Prickly Bark Strippers

Porcupines are another surprising bark eater that can cause significant damage to trees, particularly in coniferous forests. These nocturnal rodents are equipped with sharp teeth and a voracious appetite for bark.

• Why They Eat Bark: Similar to beavers, porcupines consume bark for its nutritional value. They are particularly fond of the inner bark, which contains sugars, starches, and other essential nutrients.
• Target Species: Porcupines are known to feed on a variety of tree species, including pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock. They often target young trees, as their bark is thinner and easier to access.
• Impact on Wood Processing: Porcupine feeding can girdle trees, effectively cutting off the flow of nutrients and water, leading to their eventual death. This can result in timber loss and reduce the overall health and productivity of forests. I remember one instance where a stand of young pines was heavily damaged by porcupines, rendering them unsuitable for lumber production.
• Data Point: A single porcupine can girdle dozens of trees in a single winter, causing significant economic damage.
• Mitigation Strategies: Protecting trees from porcupines can be challenging, but there are several methods that can be employed. Wrapping the base of trees with wire mesh or burlap can prevent porcupines from accessing the bark. Repellents can also be used, but their effectiveness may vary. In some cases, population control measures may be necessary.

3. Voles and Mice: Tiny Rodents, Big Appetite for Bark

While often overlooked, voles and mice can cause significant damage to trees, especially young saplings. These small rodents are particularly active during the winter months when other food sources are scarce.

• Why They Eat Bark: Voles and mice primarily feed on the inner bark of trees, which provides them with essential nutrients and energy during the winter. They often target the base of the tree, near the ground, where the bark is more accessible.
• Target Species: Voles and mice are known to feed on a variety of tree species, including fruit trees, ornamental trees, and forest trees. They are particularly fond of young trees with thin bark.
• Impact on Wood Processing: Vole and mouse feeding can girdle young trees, leading to their death. This can result in significant losses in tree plantations and nurseries. I’ve seen entire rows of newly planted seedlings wiped out by vole damage in a single winter.
• Data Point: Vole populations can fluctuate dramatically from year to year, leading to unpredictable levels of damage.
• Mitigation Strategies: Protecting trees from voles and mice can be challenging, but there are several methods that can be employed. Clearing vegetation around the base of trees can reduce vole habitat. Wire mesh guards can be placed around the base of trees to prevent vole access. Trapping and baiting can also be used to control vole populations.

4. Deer and Elk: Antler Rubbing and Bark Consumption

Deer and elk are primarily browsers, feeding on leaves, twigs, and buds. However, they can also consume bark, particularly during the winter months when other food sources are limited.

• Why They Eat Bark: Deer and elk consume bark for its nutritional value, particularly the inner bark, which contains sugars and starches. They also use trees for antler rubbing, which can damage or remove the bark.
• Target Species: Deer and elk are known to feed on a variety of tree species, including aspen, willow, maple, and conifers. They often target young trees, as their bark is thinner and easier to access.
• Impact on Wood Processing: Deer and elk feeding can girdle trees, leading to their death. Antler rubbing can also damage or kill trees. This can result in timber loss and reduce the overall health and productivity of forests. I’ve seen stands of young aspen heavily damaged by deer browsing and antler rubbing, making them unsuitable for future harvest.
• Data Point: Deer populations have increased dramatically in many areas, leading to increased browsing pressure on forests.
• Mitigation Strategies: Protecting trees from deer and elk can be challenging, but there are several methods that can be employed. Fencing can be used to exclude deer and elk from sensitive areas. Repellents can also be used, but their effectiveness may vary. In some cases, population control measures may be necessary.

5. Squirrels: The Nutty Bark Nibblers

Squirrels are primarily seed and nut eaters, but they can also consume bark, particularly during the spring when sap is flowing.

• Why They Eat Bark: Squirrels consume bark for the sap it contains, which is rich in sugars and nutrients. They often target the upper branches of trees, where the sap is more concentrated.
• Target Species: Squirrels are known to feed on a variety of tree species, including maple, birch, and aspen. They often target young trees with smooth bark.
• Impact on Wood Processing: Squirrel feeding can create wounds in the bark, which can make trees susceptible to disease and insect infestations. This can reduce the quality of the timber and increase the risk of tree mortality. I’ve seen maple trees with extensive squirrel damage, resulting in significant sap leaks and reduced vigor.
• Data Point: Squirrel populations can fluctuate depending on the availability of food sources, such as acorns and nuts.
• Mitigation Strategies: Protecting trees from squirrels can be challenging, but there are several methods that can be employed. Wrapping the trunks of trees with metal flashing can prevent squirrels from climbing. Repellents can also be used, but their effectiveness may vary.

Protecting Your Wood Supply: A Practical Guide

Now that we’ve identified some of the surprising bark eaters that can impact our wood supply, let’s discuss some practical strategies for protecting our forests and ensuring a sustainable source of timber for wood processing and firewood preparation.

1. Forest Management Practices

Implementing sustainable forest management practices is crucial for maintaining healthy forests and minimizing the impact of bark eaters. This includes:

• Promoting Biodiversity: Maintaining a diverse forest ecosystem can help reduce the susceptibility of trees to pests and diseases.
• Thinning and Pruning: Thinning overcrowded stands can improve tree vigor and reduce competition for resources. Pruning can remove damaged or diseased branches, preventing the spread of pests and diseases.
• Reforestation: Planting native tree species after harvesting can help restore forests and maintain a sustainable supply of timber.

2. Monitoring and Early Detection

Regularly monitoring forests for signs of bark eater activity is essential for early detection and intervention. This includes:

• Visual Inspections: Conducting regular visual inspections of trees for signs of bark damage, such as girdling, stripping, or antler rubbing.
• Insect Trapping: Using insect traps to monitor populations of bark beetles and other wood-boring insects.
• Remote Sensing: Utilizing remote sensing technologies, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery, to detect large-scale forest disturbances.

3. Integrated Pest Management

Implementing an integrated pest management (IPM) approach can help minimize the impact of bark eaters while reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides. This includes:

• Biological Control: Using natural enemies, such as predators and parasites, to control bark eater populations.
• Cultural Control: Implementing cultural practices, such as removing infested trees and maintaining healthy forest stands, to reduce bark eater populations.
• Chemical Control: Using chemical pesticides as a last resort, when other control methods are not effective.

4. Firewood Preparation and Storage

Proper firewood preparation and storage can help prevent the spread of bark eaters and other wood-boring insects to your firewood pile. This includes:

• Seasoning Firewood: Seasoning firewood properly can kill many wood-boring insects. Aim for a moisture content of 20% or less. I typically stack my firewood off the ground in a sunny, well-ventilated location for at least six months, preferably a year.
• Debarking Firewood: Removing the bark from firewood can eliminate a food source for bark eaters.
• Storing Firewood Away from Buildings: Storing firewood away from buildings can prevent insects from infesting your home.

5. Tool Selection for Processing Infested Wood

Dealing with wood that has been affected by bark eaters often requires careful consideration of the tools you use. Here’s my take on selecting the right tool for the job:

• Chainsaws: A powerful chainsaw is essential for felling trees and bucking logs, especially when dealing with larger diameter wood. Choose a chainsaw with the appropriate bar length and engine size for the size of the trees you are working with. Pay close attention to chain sharpness, as dull chains can exacerbate the spread of sawdust and potential fungal spores.
• Axes and Splitting Mauls: Axes and splitting mauls are ideal for splitting logs into smaller pieces for firewood. A good splitting technique is crucial for efficiency and safety. I always recommend using a splitting block to protect your back and prevent the axe from hitting the ground.
• Drawknives: A drawknife is a versatile tool for removing bark and shaping wood. It’s particularly useful for debarking smaller logs or preparing wood for carving.
• Hand Saws: Hand saws, such as bow saws and crosscut saws, are useful for cutting smaller pieces of wood or for tasks that require more precision.
• Safety Gear: Always wear appropriate safety gear when working with wood processing tools, including eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and sturdy boots.

Case Study: Firewood Seasoning Success

I once worked with a local firewood producer who was struggling with insect infestations in their firewood piles. By implementing a rigorous seasoning process, including stacking the wood off the ground, debarking the wood, and storing it in a sunny location, they were able to significantly reduce insect infestations and improve the quality of their firewood. They also invested in a moisture meter to ensure that the firewood was properly seasoned before selling it to customers. This not only improved customer satisfaction but also reduced the risk of chimney fires caused by burning unseasoned wood.

Data Point: Properly seasoned firewood burns more efficiently and produces significantly less creosote, reducing the risk of chimney fires.

Costs and Budgeting Considerations

Managing the impact of bark eaters can involve various costs, including:

• Forest Management Costs: Implementing sustainable forest management practices can require investments in thinning, pruning, and reforestation.
• Pest Management Costs: Monitoring and controlling bark eater populations can involve costs for insect traps, repellents, and chemical pesticides.
• Firewood Preparation Costs: Seasoning and storing firewood properly can require investments in firewood racks and storage facilities.
• Tool and Equipment Costs: Investing in the right tools and equipment for wood processing and firewood preparation can be a significant expense.

When budgeting for these costs, it’s important to consider the long-term benefits of protecting your wood supply and ensuring a sustainable source of timber.

Troubleshooting and Common Pitfalls

Even with the best planning and preparation, you may encounter challenges when dealing with bark eaters. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

• Ignoring Early Signs of Infestation: Early detection is crucial for preventing widespread damage. Don’t ignore signs of bark damage or insect activity.
• Using Inappropriate Control Methods: Using the wrong control methods can be ineffective or even harmful to the environment. Consult with a forestry professional to determine the best approach for your situation.
• Neglecting Firewood Preparation: Improperly seasoned firewood can be a breeding ground for insects and can increase the risk of chimney fires.
• Failing to Maintain Tools: Dull tools can make wood processing more difficult and dangerous. Keep your tools sharp and well-maintained.

Next Steps and Additional Resources

Protecting your wood supply from bark eaters is an ongoing process that requires vigilance and proactive management. Here are some next steps you can take:

• Consult with a Forestry Professional: A forestry professional can provide valuable advice on forest management practices and pest control strategies.
• Join a Forestry Association: Joining a forestry association can provide you with access to resources, training, and networking opportunities.
• Attend a Workshop or Seminar: Attending a workshop or seminar on forest management or firewood preparation can help you learn new skills and techniques.
• Visit a Local Logging Tool Supplier: Local logging tool suppliers can offer advice on selecting the right tools and equipment for your needs.

Additional Resources:

• State Forestry Agencies: State forestry agencies can provide information on forest management practices, pest control strategies, and firewood regulations.
• University Extension Services: University extension services can provide educational resources on forest management, firewood preparation, and other related topics.
• Logging Tool Suppliers: Companies like Bailey’s, Northern Tool, and Forestry Suppliers offer a wide range of logging tools and equipment.

So, there you have it – a deeper dive into the surprising world of bark eaters. Remember, understanding these creatures and their impact is crucial for protecting our forests and ensuring a sustainable supply of timber for all our wood processing and firewood preparation needs. Keep your eyes peeled, your tools sharp, and your firewood seasoned! Now, get out there and make some sawdust – responsibly, of course!

Learn more