Pollarding a Tree: Wood Processing Tips (5 Expert Chainsaw Hacks)
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Let’s bust a myth right off the bat: Pollarding is not just a fancy way to butcher a tree! When done correctly, it’s a skilled and sustainable practice that can prolong a tree’s life, manage its size, and, yes, provide a steady source of wood. I’ve spent years in the field, from the forests of the Pacific Northwest to small woodlots in Europe, witnessing firsthand the art and science of pollarding. It’s more than just lopping off branches; it’s about understanding tree physiology, wielding a chainsaw with precision, and planning for the future.
Pollarding a Tree: Wood Processing Tips (5 Expert Chainsaw Hacks)
Pollarding is a tree management technique that involves removing the upper branches of a tree, promoting a dense head of new growth. It’s been practiced for centuries, primarily to obtain wood for fuel, fodder, or building materials. In the modern era, pollarding is also used for aesthetic purposes and to control the size of trees in urban environments. I’m going to share my top chainsaw hacks to make the process efficient, safe, and sustainable.
Understanding Pollarding: More Than Just a Haircut
Before I dive into the chainsaw techniques, I want to ensure we’re all on the same page regarding the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of pollarding. This isn’t simply about cutting off branches randomly.
What is Pollarding? It is the removal of the upper branches of a tree, typically at a height of 6-8 feet (1.8-2.4 meters) from the ground. This encourages the growth of new shoots from the cut points, forming a dense “head” of foliage.
Why Pollard? Traditionally, it provided a sustainable source of wood without killing the tree. The new growth could be harvested regularly. Today, it’s also used to manage tree size in urban environments, reduce wind resistance, and create unique aesthetic shapes.
Which Trees Can Be Pollarded? Willow, poplar, maple, lime (linden), and plane trees are among the most common species suitable for pollarding. The key is choosing trees that readily produce new shoots from dormant buds after pruning.
When to Pollard? The best time is during the dormant season, typically late winter or early spring before new growth begins. This minimizes stress on the tree and allows it to recover quickly.
Takeaway: Pollarding is a deliberate practice with specific goals. Understanding the tree species, the reasons for pollarding, and the timing is crucial for success.
Chainsaw Hack #1: The Right Saw for the Right Job
Choosing the right chainsaw is fundamental to safe and efficient pollarding. I’ve learned this the hard way, wrestling with underpowered saws on thick branches and feeling the strain of oversized saws on smaller limbs.
Small to Medium Trees (Trunk Diameter < 12 inches / 30 cm): A lightweight chainsaw with a 14-16 inch (35-40 cm) bar is ideal. I often use a Stihl MS 170 or Husqvarna 435e for these tasks. These saws are easy to maneuver and reduce fatigue when working at height.
Large Trees (Trunk Diameter > 12 inches / 30 cm): A more powerful saw with an 18-20 inch (45-50 cm) bar is necessary. Consider a Stihl MS 271 or Husqvarna 455 Rancher. These saws provide the extra power needed for thicker branches.
Battery-Powered Chainsaws: Battery-powered chainsaws are becoming increasingly popular for their low noise and zero emissions. Models like the Stihl MSA 200 C-B or Husqvarna 540i XP are excellent choices for pollarding smaller trees, especially in noise-sensitive areas. I’ve found them surprisingly powerful and convenient.
Top-Handle Chainsaws: These saws are specifically designed for arborists and tree care professionals. They are lightweight and maneuverable, making them ideal for working at height. However, they require specialized training and should only be used by experienced operators. I strongly recommend against using these without proper certification.
Chainsaw Maintenance: Regardless of the type of chainsaw you choose, regular maintenance is essential. Keep the chain sharp, the bar properly lubricated, and the air filter clean. A dull chain is not only inefficient but also dangerous, increasing the risk of kickback. I sharpen my chains after every few hours of use.
Takeaway: Select a chainsaw appropriate for the size of the tree and the diameter of the branches you’ll be cutting. Prioritize safety and regular maintenance.
Chainsaw Hack #2: Mastering the Hinge Cut for Controlled Branch Removal
One of the most important techniques in pollarding is the hinge cut. This allows you to control the direction of the falling branch, preventing damage to surrounding structures or other trees. I’ve seen too many amateur pollarders simply lop off branches, resulting in unpredictable falls and potential hazards.
The Anatomy of a Hinge Cut: The hinge cut involves making three cuts:
Notch Cut: This is a V-shaped cut on the underside of the branch, about one-third of the way through. The angle of the “V” determines the direction of the fall.
Back Cut: This is a horizontal cut on the top of the branch, slightly above the notch cut. Stop cutting when you reach the hinge.
Hinge: The remaining uncut wood between the notch and the back cut is the hinge. It controls the direction and speed of the fall.
Step-by-Step Guide:
Assess the Branch: Determine the natural lean of the branch and any potential obstacles in its path.
Make the Notch Cut: Use the chainsaw to create a clean, precise V-shaped notch on the underside of the branch.
Make the Back Cut: Start the back cut on the top of the branch, slightly above the notch. Maintain a consistent cutting angle and stop when you reach the hinge.
Control the Fall: As the branch begins to fall, use a pole saw or another tool to guide it in the desired direction.
Safety Considerations:
- Always stand to the side of the falling branch, never directly behind it.
- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including a helmet, eye protection, hearing protection, and chainsaw chaps.
- Be aware of your surroundings and potential hazards, such as power lines or pedestrians.
Advanced Techniques: For larger branches, you may need to use a bore cut technique to relieve tension and prevent the bark from tearing. This involves drilling a hole through the branch before making the back cut.
Takeaway: Mastering the hinge cut is essential for safe and controlled branch removal. Practice this technique on smaller branches before tackling larger ones.
Chainsaw Hack #3: The Art of Flush Cuts and Collar Cuts
The way you make the final cut on the main trunk or remaining branches is crucial for the tree’s health and its ability to regenerate. A poorly executed cut can lead to disease, decay, and ultimately, the decline of the tree. I learned this lesson the hard way when I saw a beautiful old willow succumb to fungal rot after being butchered by an inexperienced crew.
Flush Cuts: The Bad Practice: A flush cut is a cut made directly against the trunk or branch, removing the branch collar entirely. This was once a common practice, but it’s now known to be detrimental to the tree’s health. Flush cuts disrupt the tree’s natural defense mechanisms and create a large wound that is slow to heal.
Collar Cuts: The Recommended Approach: A collar cut is a cut made just outside the branch collar, the swollen area at the base of the branch where it joins the trunk. The branch collar contains specialized cells that promote wound closure and prevent the spread of decay.
How to Make a Collar Cut:
Identify the Branch Collar: Locate the swollen area at the base of the branch.
Make the Cut: Use the chainsaw to make a clean, angled cut just outside the branch collar. Avoid cutting into the collar itself.
Angle of the Cut: The angle of the cut should be parallel to the branch bark ridge, the raised area of bark on the upper side of the branch crotch.
Why Collar Cuts are Important:
- Promote Wound Closure: Collar cuts allow the tree to heal quickly and efficiently.
- Prevent Decay: The branch collar contains chemicals that inhibit the growth of decay-causing fungi.
- Maintain Tree Health: By preserving the branch collar, you help the tree maintain its natural defense mechanisms.
Dealing with Large Branches: For large branches, you may need to use a three-cut technique to prevent the bark from tearing. This involves making a notch cut on the underside of the branch, followed by a relief cut on the top, and then the final collar cut.
Takeaway: Always make collar cuts, not flush cuts, to promote wound closure and prevent decay. Pay attention to the angle of the cut and avoid damaging the branch collar.
Chainsaw Hack #4: Maximizing Wood Utilization: From Pollarded Branches to Firewood
Pollarding provides a sustainable source of wood, but it’s essential to utilize that wood efficiently. I’ve seen too much valuable wood wasted simply because people didn’t know how to process it properly.
Sorting and Grading: After pollarding, sort the branches by size and quality. Larger branches can be used for firewood or small-scale construction, while smaller branches can be chipped for mulch or compost.
Firewood Processing:
Cutting to Length: Cut the branches into manageable lengths for firewood, typically 16-18 inches (40-45 cm). I use a chainsaw with a bucking stand for this task.
Splitting: Split the larger pieces of wood to speed up the drying process. A hydraulic log splitter is ideal for this, but a splitting maul can also be used for smaller pieces.
Stacking: Stack the firewood in a well-ventilated area to allow it to dry properly. I prefer to stack my firewood in rows, with gaps between the rows to promote airflow.
Wood Drying:
Moisture Content: Firewood should have a moisture content of less than 20% to burn efficiently and cleanly.
Drying Time: The drying time depends on the type of wood and the climate, but typically takes 6-12 months. I use a moisture meter to check the moisture content of my firewood.
Kiln Drying: For faster drying, you can use a kiln. Kiln-dried firewood typically has a moisture content of less than 10% and burns very cleanly.
Other Uses for Pollarded Wood:
- Mulch: Smaller branches can be chipped and used as mulch in gardens or landscaping.
- Compost: Wood chips can also be added to compost piles to improve aeration and drainage.
- Craft Projects: Smaller branches can be used for craft projects, such as making rustic furniture or decorative items.
- Fodder: Some species of trees, such as willow, can be used as fodder for livestock.
Takeaway: Maximize wood utilization by sorting, grading, and processing the branches properly. Dry the firewood thoroughly before burning it.
Chainsaw Hack #5: Safety First: Protecting Yourself and the Tree
Safety is paramount when pollarding. Working with chainsaws at height is inherently dangerous, and it’s essential to take precautions to protect yourself and the tree. I’ve seen too many accidents caused by carelessness or a lack of proper training.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Helmet: A helmet with a face shield and hearing protection is essential.
- Eye Protection: Wear safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from flying debris.
- Hearing Protection: Chainsaws are noisy, and prolonged exposure can damage your hearing.
- Chainsaw Chaps: Chainsaw chaps provide protection for your legs in case of accidental contact with the chain.
- Gloves: Wear sturdy gloves to protect your hands.
- Steel-Toed Boots: Steel-toed boots provide protection for your feet.
Safe Working Practices:
- Work in a Safe Area: Clear the area around the tree of any obstacles or hazards.
- Use a Spotter: Have someone spot you while you’re working to warn you of any potential dangers.
- Take Breaks: Pollarding can be physically demanding, so take frequent breaks to avoid fatigue.
- Never Work Alone: Always work with a partner in case of an emergency.
- Be Aware of Your Surroundings: Pay attention to power lines, traffic, and other potential hazards.
- Don’t Overreach: Avoid overreaching or working in awkward positions.
- Use Proper Lifting Techniques: Lift heavy branches with your legs, not your back.
Tree Safety:
- Avoid Damaging the Trunk: Be careful not to damage the trunk of the tree when pollarding.
- Make Clean Cuts: Use sharp tools and make clean cuts to promote wound closure.
- Don’t Remove Too Much Wood: Avoid removing more than one-third of the tree’s crown in a single year.
- Monitor the Tree’s Health: After pollarding, monitor the tree’s health for any signs of stress or disease.
First Aid:
- Have a First Aid Kit on Hand: Keep a well-stocked first aid kit on hand in case of an injury.
- Know Basic First Aid: Be familiar with basic first aid procedures, such as how to stop bleeding and treat burns.
- Call for Help: In case of a serious injury, call for emergency medical assistance immediately.
Takeaway: Safety should always be your top priority when pollarding. Wear appropriate PPE, follow safe working practices, and be aware of your surroundings.
Case Study: Reviving an Overgrown Willow
I once worked on a project to revive an overgrown willow tree that had been neglected for years. The tree was a tangled mess of branches, and it was clear that it needed a drastic pruning.
Assessment: I started by assessing the tree’s overall health and structure. I identified several large, dead branches that needed to be removed. I also noticed that the tree was leaning heavily to one side, which posed a safety hazard.
Pollarding: I used a chainsaw to carefully remove the dead branches and reduce the overall size of the tree. I made sure to make collar cuts to promote wound closure. I also used ropes and pulleys to control the fall of the larger branches.
Re-shaping: After removing the dead wood, I began to re-shape the tree. I pruned the remaining branches to create a more balanced and aesthetically pleasing form. I also thinned out the canopy to allow more light to penetrate the tree.
Results: Within a few months, the willow tree began to produce new growth. The tree was healthier and more vigorous than it had been in years. The project was a success, and the willow tree is now a beautiful and valuable asset to the landscape.
The Future of Pollarding: Sustainable Wood Management
Pollarding is a time-honored tradition that has the potential to play an important role in sustainable wood management. By pollarding trees, we can obtain a renewable source of wood without killing the tree. This can help to reduce our reliance on unsustainable logging practices.
Agroforestry: Pollarding can be integrated into agroforestry systems, where trees are grown in combination with crops or livestock. This can provide multiple benefits, such as wood production, soil conservation, and improved biodiversity.
Urban Forestry: Pollarding can be used to manage trees in urban environments, reducing their size and wind resistance. This can help to prevent tree damage during storms and improve public safety.
Bioenergy: Pollarded wood can be used as a source of bioenergy, providing a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
Carbon Sequestration: Pollarding can help to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating the effects of climate change. Trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, and pollarding can promote vigorous growth.
Takeaway: Pollarding is a sustainable wood management practice that can provide multiple benefits. It has the potential to play an important role in agroforestry, urban forestry, bioenergy, and carbon sequestration.
Conclusion: Pollarding as a Skill, a Craft, and a Responsibility
Pollarding is more than just cutting branches; it’s a skill, a craft, and a responsibility. It requires knowledge of tree physiology, chainsaw techniques, and safety practices. By mastering these skills, you can sustainably manage trees, obtain a renewable source of wood, and enhance the beauty of your landscape. Remember to prioritize safety, respect the tree, and plan for the future. The rewards, both tangible and aesthetic, are well worth the effort.
