Notching a Tree for Felling (5 Pro Tips Every Logger Should Know)

That sinking feeling. The one you get when you realize the tree you thought was going to fall perfectly…didn’t. I’ve been there. We all have. A miscalculated notch, a hidden lean, a gust of wind at the wrong moment – they can turn a seemingly straightforward felling into a dangerous and frustrating mess. That’s why mastering the art of notching is absolutely crucial. It’s the foundation of safe and controlled tree felling, and it’s a skill that every logger, from the seasoned pro to the weekend warrior, needs to perfect.

This isn’t just about dropping trees; it’s about precision, safety, and respect for the forest. Over years I’ve spent in the woods, teaching logging safety, and processing timber, I’ve learned that a well-executed notch is your best friend. It dictates where the tree goes, minimizing risks to yourself, your equipment, and the surrounding environment. Let’s dive into the five pro tips that can transform your notching technique from good to exceptional.

Notching a Tree for Felling: 5 Pro Tips Every Logger Should Know

We’re going to break down the art of notching into manageable steps, covering everything from choosing the right tools to understanding wood behavior. Whether you’re felling trees for firewood, clearing land, or harvesting timber, these tips will help you work smarter, safer, and more efficiently.

1. Master the Fundamentals: Understanding the Notch

Before we even touch a chainsaw, let’s solidify our understanding of the notch itself. It’s more than just a cut; it’s a carefully engineered hinge that guides the tree’s descent.

• The Anatomy of a Notch: A standard notch consists of two cuts: the face cut (also known as the top cut) and the undercut (also known as the bottom cut). These cuts meet to form an angle, and the resulting wedge of wood is removed.

• The Importance of Angle and Depth: The angle of the notch is critical. A 45-degree angle is generally recommended, but this can vary slightly depending on the tree’s size and lean. The depth of the notch should be approximately 1/5 to 1/3 of the tree’s diameter. This depth provides adequate guidance without compromising the holding wood (the uncut portion of the tree that acts as a hinge).

• Open Face vs. Conventional Notch: The “open face” notch, where the angle is greater than 45 degrees (often around 70-90 degrees), is becoming increasingly popular. It provides a wider opening for the tree to fall into, reducing the risk of barber chairing (when the tree splits upwards). However, it also requires more precision, as it offers less directional control. The conventional notch offers more control but requires more care to prevent the tree from sitting back on the bar.

• Holding Wood: This is the crucial, uncut portion of the tree directly behind the notch. It acts as a hinge, allowing you to control the direction of the fall. The holding wood should be of uniform thickness and extend across the entire width of the tree. I typically aim for holding wood that’s about 80% of the diameter of the tree.

• Hinge Straps: Hinge straps are holding wood left on the sides of the notch. These are less common, but some loggers use them to fine-tune the fall.

• Why Proper Notching Matters: A poorly executed notch can lead to a variety of problems, including:

  • Uncontrolled Falls: The tree may fall in an unexpected direction, endangering yourself, your equipment, or the surrounding environment.
  • Barber Chairing: The tree splits upwards, creating a dangerous and unpredictable situation.
  • Kickback: The chainsaw can be thrown back towards you, causing serious injury.
  • Stump Pull: The tree pulls up the roots of the stump, which can damage the surrounding area and create unstable ground.

Personal Experience: I remember one time, early in my career, I rushed a notch on a leaning oak. I didn’t pay close enough attention to the angle, and the tree ended up twisting as it fell, narrowly missing a power line. That was a wake-up call that taught me the importance of precision and patience.

Key Takeaway: Before you even start your saw, visualize the notch in your mind. Understand the angle, depth, and the crucial role of the holding wood. This mental preparation is the first step towards a safe and successful felling.

2. Choosing the Right Tools for the Job

Having the right tools, properly maintained, is non-negotiable for safe and efficient notching.

• Chainsaw Selection:

  • Size Matters: The size of your chainsaw should be appropriate for the size of the trees you’re felling. A good rule of thumb is that the bar length should be at least two inches longer than the diameter of the tree you’re cutting. For smaller trees (under 12 inches in diameter), a lightweight chainsaw with a 14-16 inch bar is usually sufficient. For larger trees (over 24 inches in diameter), you’ll need a more powerful saw with a longer bar (20 inches or more).
  • Power and Performance: Look for a chainsaw with sufficient power to handle the type of wood you’re cutting. Hardwoods like oak and maple require more power than softwoods like pine and fir. Consider the chainsaw’s engine displacement (measured in cubic centimeters or cc) as an indicator of power. A chainsaw with a displacement of 50cc or more is generally recommended for felling larger trees.
  • Ergonomics and Balance: Choose a chainsaw that feels comfortable and well-balanced in your hands. A chainsaw that is too heavy or unwieldy can lead to fatigue and increase the risk of accidents.
  • My Recommendations: For general-purpose felling, I often recommend the Stihl MS 261 C-M or the Husqvarna 562 XP. These saws offer a good balance of power, weight, and reliability. For smaller jobs, the Stihl MS 170 or Husqvarna 435 are good options.

• Essential Safety Gear: This isn’t optional; it’s about protecting yourself.

  • Helmet: A properly fitted helmet is essential for protecting your head from falling branches and debris.
  • Eye Protection: Safety glasses or a face shield will protect your eyes from sawdust and flying objects.
  • Hearing Protection: Chainsaws are loud, and prolonged exposure to high noise levels can damage your hearing. Wear earplugs or earmuffs to protect your ears.
  • Chaps: Chainsaw chaps are designed to stop the chain in the event of a kickback, preventing serious leg injuries.
  • Gloves: Gloves provide a better grip on the chainsaw and protect your hands from cuts and abrasions.
  • Steel-Toed Boots: Steel-toed boots will protect your feet from falling logs and other hazards.

• Maintenance Tools: Keeping your chainsaw in top condition is crucial for safety and performance.

  • Chain Sharpener: A sharp chain is essential for efficient cutting and reducing the risk of kickback. Learn how to sharpen your chain properly using a file or a chainsaw sharpener. I prefer using a chainsaw sharpener for consistent results.
  • Bar Oil: Keep your chain properly lubricated with bar oil. This reduces friction and prevents the chain from overheating.
  • Fuel: Use the correct fuel mixture for your chainsaw. Refer to your chainsaw’s owner’s manual for the recommended fuel-to-oil ratio.
  • Wrenches and Screwdrivers: You’ll need these tools for basic maintenance tasks, such as tightening bolts and adjusting the chain tension.

• Additional Tools:

  • Felling Axe or Wedge: These tools can be used to help direct the fall of the tree. A felling axe is used to drive wedges into the back cut, while a felling wedge is used to prevent the tree from pinching the saw bar.
  • Measuring Tape: Use a measuring tape to accurately measure the diameter of the tree and determine the appropriate notch depth.
  • Sighting Tool: A sighting tool (like a plumb bob or a simple stick) can help you determine the direction of lean and plan your felling accordingly.

Case Study: I once worked on a project where we were felling large oak trees in a dense forest. We were using underpowered chainsaws and neglecting our safety gear. As a result, we experienced several near-miss accidents and wasted a lot of time and energy. After upgrading to more powerful saws, investing in proper safety gear, and implementing a strict maintenance schedule, our productivity increased dramatically, and our accident rate plummeted.

Key Takeaway: Invest in quality tools, maintain them diligently, and always prioritize safety. Your tools are your partners in the woods, and they should be treated with respect.

3. Reading the Tree: Assessing Lean, Wind, and Defects

Before making a single cut, take the time to carefully assess the tree and its surroundings. This is where experience and observation come into play.

• Identifying Lean: Lean is the most obvious factor influencing the direction of fall. Stand back from the tree and observe its overall shape. Does it lean to one side? If so, how much? Use a plumb bob or a sighting tool to get a more accurate assessment of the lean. Remember, even a slight lean can significantly affect the tree’s trajectory.

• Wind Direction: Wind can be a tricky variable, as it can change quickly and unpredictably. Pay attention to the prevailing wind direction and its potential impact on the tree’s fall. If the wind is blowing strongly in one direction, it may be necessary to adjust your notching technique to compensate. Wait for a lull in the wind before making your cuts, if possible.

• Tree Defects: Look for any signs of decay, disease, or damage. These defects can weaken the tree and make it more unpredictable. Common defects include:

  • Rot: Soft, spongy wood is a sign of rot. Pay close attention to the base of the tree and any visible wounds or cavities.
  • Cracks and Splits: Cracks and splits can weaken the tree and make it more likely to break apart during felling.
  • Dead or Broken Branches: Dead or broken branches can fall unexpectedly, posing a hazard to yourself and others.
  • Cankers: Cankers are sunken or swollen areas on the tree’s trunk or branches, often caused by fungal infections.

• Surrounding Obstacles: Identify any obstacles that could be affected by the tree’s fall, such as power lines, buildings, roads, or other trees. Plan your felling strategy to avoid these obstacles. If necessary, use ropes or other techniques to control the tree’s fall.

• Escape Routes: Before you start cutting, identify at least two clear escape routes that are perpendicular to the intended direction of fall. These routes should be free of obstacles and allow you to quickly move away from the tree if something goes wrong.

• “Widow Makers”: These are loose or broken branches that are likely to fall during the felling process. Be aware of their presence and take steps to avoid them.

Original Insight: I’ve noticed that trees growing on slopes often have a subtle lean that’s not immediately apparent. This is because they tend to grow uphill to maximize their access to sunlight. When felling trees on slopes, pay extra attention to this subtle lean and adjust your notching accordingly.

Personal Story: I was once felling a large pine tree that appeared to be perfectly straight. However, after making the notch, I noticed that the tree was starting to twist slightly. Upon closer inspection, I discovered a hidden defect – a large cavity near the base of the tree that was causing it to lean in an unexpected direction. I was able to adjust my felling strategy and safely bring the tree down, but it was a close call.

Key Takeaway: “Reading” the tree is a crucial skill that requires experience and observation. Take the time to carefully assess the tree and its surroundings before making any cuts. Your safety and the safety of others depend on it.

4. The Notch Cut: Precision is Paramount

This is where your skill and attention to detail come into play. A precise notch cut is the key to a controlled and predictable fall.

• Stance and Grip: Maintain a stable and balanced stance. Grip the chainsaw firmly with both hands, keeping your elbows slightly bent. Position yourself so that you have a clear view of the cutting area and can easily move away from the tree if necessary.

• The Face Cut:

  • Starting the Cut: Start the face cut by placing the chainsaw bar against the tree at the desired angle (typically 45 degrees for a conventional notch). Use the saw’s bumper spikes (if equipped) to help stabilize the saw.
  • Maintaining the Angle: Keep the angle consistent throughout the cut. Use your body as a guide, and visualize the desired angle.
  • Controlling the Depth: Cut to the desired depth (1/5 to 1/3 of the tree’s diameter). Use the chainsaw’s bar as a guide, and pay attention to the markings on the bar (if present).
  • Avoiding Pinching: If the saw bar starts to pinch, stop cutting and use a felling wedge to relieve the pressure.

• The Undercut:

  • Meeting the Face Cut: Start the undercut slightly below the face cut. Aim to meet the face cut precisely, creating a clean and sharp angle.
  • Avoiding Overlap: Avoid overlapping the face cut with the undercut. This can weaken the holding wood and make the tree more unpredictable.
  • Maintaining Alignment: Ensure that the undercut is aligned with the face cut. Use a sighting tool or your eye to check the alignment.

• Removing the Wedge: Once the face cut and undercut are complete, remove the wedge of wood. This can be done with your hands, an axe, or a felling lever.

• Checking the Holding Wood: After removing the wedge, carefully inspect the holding wood. It should be of uniform thickness and extend across the entire width of the tree. If necessary, use your chainsaw to trim any uneven areas.

• Hinge Alignment: Ensure the hinge is perpendicular to the intended fall direction.

Detailed Example: Let’s say you’re felling a 16-inch diameter pine tree. You would want to create a notch that is roughly 3 to 5 inches deep (1/5 to 1/3 of the diameter). The face cut should be at a 45-degree angle, and the undercut should meet the face cut precisely. The holding wood should be approximately 8 inches thick (about 50% of the diameter).

Tool Specifications: When sharpening your chainsaw chain, use a file that is the correct size for your chain’s pitch (the distance between the rivets). A 5/32-inch file is commonly used for chains with a 3/8-inch pitch.

Key Takeaway: Precision is paramount when making the notch cut. Take your time, focus on the details, and double-check your work. A well-executed notch is the foundation of a safe and controlled fall.

5. The Back Cut: Completing the Felling

The back cut is the final step in the felling process. It’s crucial to make this cut correctly to ensure that the tree falls in the intended direction.

• Positioning: Position yourself on the opposite side of the tree from the notch. Ensure that you have a clear escape route.

• The Cut: Start the back cut slightly above the base of the notch, leaving the holding wood intact. Maintain a level cut, and avoid cutting into the holding wood.

• Leaving the Holding Wood: The holding wood is the key to controlling the fall. It acts as a hinge, guiding the tree in the desired direction. The thickness of the holding wood will determine the speed and force of the fall.

• Using Wedges: As you make the back cut, insert felling wedges into the cut to prevent the tree from pinching the saw bar and to help direct the fall. Drive the wedges in firmly with an axe or a hammer.

• Communication: If you’re working with a team, communicate clearly and frequently. Let everyone know when you’re about to make the back cut, and ensure that they are in a safe location.

• The Push: If the tree doesn’t start to fall on its own, use a felling lever or a push pole to help it along. Be careful not to apply too much force, as this could cause the tree to fall unexpectedly.

• The Escape: As the tree starts to fall, move quickly and safely away from the tree along your pre-determined escape route. Keep your eye on the tree and be prepared to react to any unexpected movements.

Original Case Study: I once felled a large leaning maple tree in a residential area. The tree was located close to a house and a power line, so precision was essential. I used a combination of techniques, including a carefully executed notch, felling wedges, and a rope system to control the fall. The tree fell exactly where I wanted it to, without causing any damage to the house or the power line.

Strategic Advantage: Using felling wedges not only prevents the saw from pinching but also provides a mechanical advantage for directing the fall. By driving the wedges in strategically, you can influence the direction of the fall and avoid obstacles.

Technical Details: The moisture content of the wood can affect the felling process. Green wood (freshly cut wood) is heavier and more flexible than seasoned wood (dried wood). This means that green trees are more likely to bend and twist during felling, while seasoned trees are more likely to break.

Key Takeaway: The back cut is the final step in the felling process, and it’s crucial to make it correctly to ensure a safe and controlled fall. Pay attention to the holding wood, use felling wedges to prevent pinching, and always have a clear escape route.

Bonus Tip: Practice Makes Perfect

Reading about notching is one thing; actually doing it is another. The more you practice, the better you’ll become at assessing trees, making precise cuts, and controlling the fall. Start with smaller trees in a safe and open area, and gradually work your way up to larger and more challenging trees.

• Find a Mentor: If possible, find an experienced logger who can teach you the ropes. A mentor can provide valuable guidance and feedback, and help you avoid common mistakes.

• Take a Course: Consider taking a chainsaw safety course. These courses will teach you the fundamentals of chainsaw operation, maintenance, and felling techniques.

• Practice on Different Types of Trees: Different types of trees have different characteristics, and they require different felling techniques. Practice on a variety of trees to gain experience and develop your skills.

• Learn from Your Mistakes: Everyone makes mistakes, especially when they’re starting out. The key is to learn from your mistakes and avoid repeating them. Analyze your failures, identify what went wrong, and adjust your technique accordingly.

Final Thoughts:

Mastering the art of notching is a journey, not a destination. It requires patience, practice, and a commitment to safety. By following these five pro tips, you’ll be well on your way to becoming a skilled and confident logger. Remember, the forest is a powerful and unforgiving environment. Treat it with respect, and always prioritize safety.

Now, get out there, practice your notching, and stay safe! The satisfaction of a perfectly felled tree is one of the most rewarding experiences in the world.

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