Narrow Leaf Ash Wood: Processing Insights (5 Key Timber Traits)

In the realm of wood processing, precision and knowledge are paramount. It’s not just about wielding a chainsaw; it’s about understanding the unique properties of the wood you’re working with. A recent study by the USDA Forest Service indicates that approximately 25% of all firewood-related injuries are due to improper wood handling and processing techniques. This statistic underscores the critical need for detailed, accurate information on wood species like Narrow Leaf Ash. As someone who has spent years immersed in the world of logging, milling, and firewood production, I’ve developed a deep appreciation for the nuances of different timber types. Narrow Leaf Ash, with its distinctive characteristics, presents both opportunities and challenges. This guide is designed to provide you with the insights necessary to process Narrow Leaf Ash effectively and safely, whether you’re a seasoned professional or just starting out. I aim to share my practical experiences and unique insights, focusing on the five key timber traits that will make or break your project.

Understanding Narrow Leaf Ash: 5 Key Timber Traits for Efficient Processing

Narrow Leaf Ash ( Fraxinus angustifolia), also known as Raywood Ash, is a valuable hardwood species found across various regions. Its unique properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications, from furniture making to firewood production. However, maximizing its potential requires a thorough understanding of its key timber traits. Over the years, I’ve seen firsthand how neglecting these traits can lead to wasted material, inefficient processing, and even safety hazards.

1. Density and Hardness: The Foundation of Workability

The density of Narrow Leaf Ash is a crucial factor influencing its workability and suitability for various applications. Generally, Narrow Leaf Ash has a density ranging from 40 to 45 pounds per cubic foot (640-720 kg/m3) when air-dried. This places it in the mid-range of hardwoods, making it neither exceptionally hard nor overly soft.

Data Point: According to the Janka hardness scale, Narrow Leaf Ash typically scores between 1200-1320 lbf (5340-5870 N). This is comparable to Red Oak, a commonly used hardwood.
My Experience: I remember one project where we were building a set of outdoor benches using Narrow Leaf Ash. Initially, we underestimated its hardness and used dull blades on our saws. This resulted in splintering and uneven cuts. Once we switched to sharp, carbide-tipped blades, the wood cut cleanly and efficiently.
Insight: The density directly impacts the tools you’ll need. High-speed steel (HSS) blades are adequate for initial cuts, but carbide-tipped blades are essential for precision and longevity, especially when working with larger volumes.
Technical Requirement: When selecting blades for processing Narrow Leaf Ash, ensure the tooth count is appropriate for the desired finish. For rough cuts, a lower tooth count (e.g., 14-18 teeth per inch) is sufficient. For fine cuts, a higher tooth count (e.g., 24-30 teeth per inch) is recommended.

2. Grain Pattern and Texture: Aesthetic and Structural Considerations

The grain pattern of Narrow Leaf Ash is typically straight and consistent, with a medium to coarse texture. This makes it relatively easy to work with, especially when compared to woods with interlocked or irregular grain. The aesthetic appeal of the grain also makes it a popular choice for furniture and decorative applications.

Data Point: The average growth ring width of Narrow Leaf Ash is around 1.5 to 3 mm, indicating moderate growth rates. Tighter growth rings generally correspond to higher density and strength.
My Experience: I once had a client who wanted to build a custom dining table using Narrow Leaf Ash. He was particularly drawn to the wood’s natural grain pattern. However, during the milling process, we discovered some areas with slight grain deviations. To address this, we carefully oriented the pieces to minimize the visual impact of these irregularities, resulting in a stunning, uniform tabletop.
Insight: Understanding the grain direction is crucial for achieving clean cuts and avoiding tear-out. Always feed the wood into the blade with the grain running in the same direction.
Technical Requirement: When planing Narrow Leaf Ash, set the depth of cut to a maximum of 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) per pass to prevent tear-out. Ensure the planer blades are sharp and properly aligned.

3. Moisture Content: The Key to Stability and Durability

Moisture content (MC) is arguably the most critical factor influencing the stability and durability of Narrow Leaf Ash. Green wood can have an MC as high as 60-80%, while properly dried wood should have an MC of 6-8% for interior applications and 12-15% for exterior applications.

Data Point: Shrinkage in Narrow Leaf Ash is typically around 4.5% radially and 7.5% tangentially from green to oven-dry condition. This means that a 12-inch wide board can shrink by as much as 0.9 inches tangentially during drying.
My Experience: I learned the hard way about the importance of proper drying. Years ago, I built a set of bookshelves using Narrow Leaf Ash that I thought was adequately dried. Within a few months, the shelves started to warp and crack due to the wood still containing excessive moisture. Since then, I’ve always used a reliable moisture meter and followed strict drying protocols.
Insight: Kiln drying is the most effective way to achieve consistent and predictable MC. However, air-drying can also be effective if done properly. The key is to stack the wood with proper spacing and ventilation in a sheltered location.
Technical Requirement: Use a calibrated moisture meter to accurately measure the MC of the wood. Ensure the meter is set to the correct species setting for Narrow Leaf Ash to obtain accurate readings.
Technical Requirement: Stack the wood with stickers (thin strips of wood) spaced every 12-18 inches to allow for air circulation. The stickers should be of uniform thickness to prevent warping.

4. Drying Characteristics: Minimizing Defects and Maximizing Yield

Narrow Leaf Ash is known to dry relatively easily with minimal warping or cracking, provided that proper drying techniques are employed. However, rapid drying can lead to surface checking and internal stresses.

Data Point: The recommended kiln-drying schedule for Narrow Leaf Ash is typically a slow, gradual process, starting at a low temperature (e.g., 100°F or 38°C) and gradually increasing it over several weeks.
My Experience: I once tried to speed up the drying process by increasing the kiln temperature too quickly. The result was a batch of wood with severe surface checking, rendering it unusable for my intended project. Since then, I’ve always followed the recommended drying schedules and monitored the wood closely.
Insight: Proper air circulation is essential for even drying. Ensure that the kiln or drying shed is adequately ventilated to prevent moisture buildup.
Technical Requirement: Monitor the wood’s MC regularly during the drying process. Use a moisture meter to check the MC at various locations within the stack to ensure even drying.
Technical Requirement: Use a dehumidifier in the drying shed to control humidity levels and prevent the wood from absorbing moisture from the air.

5. Durability and Rot Resistance: Considerations for Longevity

Narrow Leaf Ash is considered moderately durable, meaning it is susceptible to decay if exposed to prolonged moisture or insect attack. However, with proper treatment and maintenance, it can last for many years.

Data Point: The natural decay resistance of Narrow Leaf Ash is rated as “slightly durable” to “non-durable” by the Forest Products Laboratory. This means that it will decay relatively quickly if exposed to wet conditions.
My Experience: I built a set of garden benches using Narrow Leaf Ash, but I neglected to apply a protective finish. Within a few years, the benches started to show signs of decay, especially in areas where they were in contact with the ground. I learned that even moderately durable woods require protection from the elements.
Insight: Applying a preservative treatment or finish is essential for extending the lifespan of Narrow Leaf Ash, especially when used in outdoor applications.
Technical Requirement: Apply a wood preservative containing copper naphthenate or borate to protect the wood from decay and insect attack. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application rates and safety precautions.
Technical Requirement: Apply a water-repellent finish, such as varnish, polyurethane, or oil-based stain, to protect the wood from moisture. Reapply the finish regularly, as needed.

Chainsaw Selection and Calibration for Narrow Leaf Ash

Choosing the right chainsaw and ensuring it’s properly calibrated is paramount for efficient and safe processing of Narrow Leaf Ash. The chainsaw acts as the primary tool for felling, bucking, and limbing, making its performance directly linked to productivity and safety.

Chainsaw Selection: Power, Bar Length, and Ergonomics

Selecting the right chainsaw is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It depends on the size of the trees you’re felling, the volume of wood you’re processing, and your personal preferences.

Power: For felling trees with a diameter of 12-18 inches, a chainsaw with an engine displacement of 50-60 cc is generally sufficient. For larger trees, a more powerful saw with an engine displacement of 60-80 cc may be necessary.
Bar Length: The bar length should be at least 2 inches longer than the diameter of the largest tree you plan to fell. A longer bar provides more reach and leverage, but it also increases the weight and can make the saw more difficult to control.
Ergonomics: Choose a chainsaw that is comfortable to hold and operate. Consider the weight, balance, and handle design. A chainsaw with good vibration dampening will reduce fatigue and improve control.
My Experience: I once used an underpowered chainsaw to fell a large Narrow Leaf Ash tree. The saw struggled to cut through the wood, and I had to apply excessive pressure, which was both tiring and dangerous. Since then, I’ve always made sure to use a chainsaw with sufficient power for the task at hand.
Insight: Consider the weight of the chainsaw. A lighter saw is easier to maneuver, especially for extended use. However, lighter saws may lack the power needed for larger trees.
Technical Requirement: Always consult the chainsaw manufacturer’s recommendations for bar length and engine displacement based on the type and size of wood you’ll be cutting.

Chainsaw Calibration: Ensuring Optimal Performance and Safety

Proper chainsaw calibration is essential for optimal performance, fuel efficiency, and safety. A poorly calibrated chainsaw can be difficult to start, prone to stalling, and can produce excessive emissions.

Carburetor Adjustment: The carburetor controls the air-fuel mixture. Adjusting the carburetor is necessary to ensure the engine runs smoothly and efficiently.
- Low-Speed Needle (L): Adjusts the fuel mixture at idle and low speeds. Turn the L needle clockwise to lean the mixture (less fuel) and counterclockwise to richen the mixture (more fuel).
- High-Speed Needle (H): Adjusts the fuel mixture at high speeds. Turn the H needle clockwise to lean the mixture and counterclockwise to richen the mixture.
- Idle Speed Screw (T): Adjusts the engine’s idle speed. Turn the T screw clockwise to increase the idle speed and counterclockwise to decrease the idle speed.
Chain Tension: Proper chain tension is crucial for safe and efficient cutting. The chain should be snug against the bar but still able to be pulled around by hand.
- Technical Requirement: Check the chain tension before each use. The chain should have approximately 1/8 inch of slack when pulled away from the bar.
Chain Sharpness: A sharp chain is essential for efficient cutting and reducing the risk of kickback.
- Technical Requirement: Sharpen the chain regularly using a chainsaw file or chain grinder. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the correct filing angle and depth.
My Experience: I once neglected to adjust the carburetor on my chainsaw after switching to a different fuel blend. The saw ran poorly and was difficult to start. After adjusting the carburetor, the saw ran smoothly and efficiently.
Insight: Consider using a tachometer to accurately measure the engine’s RPM when adjusting the carburetor. This will help you achieve optimal performance and prevent over-revving, which can damage the engine.
Technical Requirement: Refer to the chainsaw manufacturer’s service manual for detailed instructions on carburetor adjustment, chain tensioning, and chain sharpening.

Fuel and Oil Considerations

Using the correct fuel and oil is crucial for maintaining the performance and longevity of your chainsaw.

Fuel: Use a high-quality gasoline with an octane rating of at least 89. Mix the gasoline with a two-stroke oil at the ratio recommended by the chainsaw manufacturer (typically 50:1).
Chain Oil: Use a high-quality bar and chain oil to lubricate the chain and bar. Choose an oil that is specifically designed for chainsaws and that is appropriate for the ambient temperature.
My Experience: I once used the wrong type of oil in my chainsaw, which caused the chain to overheat and wear out prematurely. Since then, I’ve always made sure to use the correct type of oil and to check the oil level regularly.
Insight: Consider using a synthetic two-stroke oil for improved performance and reduced emissions. Synthetic oils provide better lubrication and burn cleaner than conventional oils.
Technical Requirement: Always mix the fuel and oil in a separate container before adding it to the chainsaw’s fuel tank. This ensures that the fuel and oil are properly mixed and prevents damage to the engine.

Logging Tools: Essential Equipment for Safe and Efficient Wood Processing

Beyond the chainsaw, a range of logging tools are essential for safe and efficient wood processing. These tools aid in felling, moving, splitting, and stacking wood, each designed for specific tasks.

Felling Wedges: Controlling the Fall

Felling wedges are used to help direct the fall of a tree and prevent the saw from binding. They are inserted into the back cut to lift the tree and push it in the desired direction.

Material: Felling wedges are typically made of plastic, aluminum, or magnesium. Plastic wedges are lightweight and durable, while aluminum and magnesium wedges are stronger and can withstand more force.
Size: Choose a wedge size that is appropriate for the size of the tree you’re felling. A general rule of thumb is to use a wedge that is at least as long as the diameter of the tree.
My Experience: I once neglected to use felling wedges when felling a leaning Narrow Leaf Ash tree. The tree fell in an unexpected direction, narrowly missing a power line. Since then, I’ve always used felling wedges to control the fall of trees.
Insight: Consider using multiple wedges to lift the tree more evenly and prevent it from twisting.
Technical Requirement: Always use a hammer or axe to drive the wedges into the back cut. Never use the chainsaw to drive the wedges, as this can damage the saw and create a safety hazard.

Cant Hooks and Log Jacks: Moving and Positioning Logs

Cant hooks and log jacks are used to move and position logs for bucking and splitting. They provide leverage and make it easier to handle heavy logs.

Cant Hooks: Cant hooks have a curved hook that is used to grip the log and a handle that provides leverage. They are used to roll and turn logs.
Log Jacks: Log jacks have a lifting mechanism that raises the log off the ground. This makes it easier to buck the log without the chainsaw blade hitting the ground.
My Experience: I used to struggle to move heavy logs by hand, which was both tiring and time-consuming. Since I started using a cant hook and log jack, I can move logs much more easily and efficiently.
Insight: Choose a cant hook or log jack with a handle length that is appropriate for your height. A longer handle provides more leverage.
Technical Requirement: Always use caution when using cant hooks and log jacks. Ensure that the log is stable before attempting to move it.

Splitting Axes and Mauls: Preparing Firewood

Splitting axes and mauls are used to split logs into firewood. They are designed to deliver a powerful blow that splits the wood along the grain.

Splitting Axes: Splitting axes have a sharp blade and a relatively lightweight head. They are used for splitting smaller logs and kindling.
Splitting Mauls: Splitting mauls have a blunt head and a heavier weight. They are used for splitting larger, tougher logs.
My Experience: I used to use a dull axe to split firewood, which was both difficult and dangerous. Since I started using a sharp splitting maul, I can split firewood much more easily and safely.
Insight: Consider using a splitting wedge in conjunction with the maul for splitting particularly tough logs.
Technical Requirement: Always wear safety glasses and gloves when splitting firewood. Use a sturdy chopping block and ensure that the area around you is clear of obstructions.

Measuring Tools: Ensuring Accuracy

Measuring tools such as diameter tapes, measuring wheels, and cord rulers are essential for accurately measuring logs and firewood.

Diameter Tape: Used to measure the diameter of logs.
Measuring Wheel: Used to measure distances, such as the length of a log pile.
Cord Ruler: Used to measure the volume of firewood in cords.
Technical Requirement: Use a diameter tape to accurately measure the diameter of logs before bucking them into firewood. This will help you ensure that the firewood is of uniform size and meets the requirements of your customers.

Safety Equipment Requirements: Protecting Yourself from Hazards

Wood processing involves inherent risks, and wearing the appropriate safety equipment is paramount for protecting yourself from injury.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Helmet: Protects your head from falling branches and debris.
- Technical Requirement: Choose a helmet that meets ANSI Z89.1 standards.
Safety Glasses or Face Shield: Protects your eyes from flying wood chips and debris.
- Technical Requirement: Choose safety glasses or a face shield that meets ANSI Z87.1 standards.
Hearing Protection: Protects your ears from the loud noise of the chainsaw.
- Technical Requirement: Choose hearing protection with a noise reduction rating (NRR) of at least 25 dB.
Gloves: Protect your hands from cuts, abrasions, and vibration.
- Technical Requirement: Choose gloves that are made of durable material, such as leather or synthetic fabric.
Chainsaw Chaps or Pants: Protect your legs from chainsaw cuts.
- Technical Requirement: Choose chainsaw chaps or pants that meet ASTM F1897 standards.
Steel-Toed Boots: Protect your feet from falling logs and sharp objects.
- Technical Requirement: Choose steel-toed boots that meet ASTM F2413 standards.
My Experience: I once neglected to wear safety glasses while using a chainsaw. A wood chip flew into my eye, causing a painful injury. Since then, I’ve always made sure to wear safety glasses or a face shield when working with wood.
Insight: Inspect your PPE regularly for damage and replace it as needed.
Technical Requirement: Always wear all required PPE when operating a chainsaw or other wood processing equipment.

First Aid Kit

A well-stocked first aid kit is essential for treating minor injuries that may occur during wood processing.

Contents: The first aid kit should include bandages, antiseptic wipes, pain relievers, gauze pads, tape, and a tourniquet.
Technical Requirement: Keep the first aid kit in a readily accessible location and ensure that everyone working with wood knows where it is located.
Technical Requirement: Check the contents of the first aid kit regularly and replace any expired or used items.

Emergency Communication

Having a reliable means of communication is crucial for summoning help in case of an emergency.

Cell Phone or Two-Way Radio: Use a cell phone or two-way radio to communicate with others in case of an emergency.
Technical Requirement: Ensure that your cell phone is charged and that you have a signal in the area where you are working.
Technical Requirement: If you are working in a remote area with no cell phone coverage, consider using a satellite phone or two-way radio.

Firewood Preparation: From Log to Stack

Preparing Narrow Leaf Ash for firewood involves several steps, from bucking the logs to splitting and stacking the wood. Proper preparation ensures that the firewood dries efficiently and burns cleanly.

Bucking the Logs

Bucking is the process of cutting the logs into shorter lengths that are suitable for firewood.

Length: The ideal length for firewood is typically 16-18 inches, but this can vary depending on the size of your wood stove or fireplace.
Technical Requirement: Use a measuring stick or tape measure to ensure that the firewood is cut to the desired length.
Technical Requirement: Buck the logs on a stable surface, such as a log pile or a sawbuck.
My Experience: I used to buck logs without using a sawbuck, which was both tiring and inefficient. Since I started using a sawbuck, I can buck logs much more quickly and easily.
Insight: Consider using a chainsaw with a longer bar to buck multiple logs at once.

Splitting the Wood

Splitting is the process of splitting the logs into smaller pieces that will dry more quickly and burn more efficiently.

Size: The ideal size for firewood is typically 4-6 inches in diameter, but this can vary depending on the size of your wood stove or fireplace.
Technical Requirement: Split the wood along the grain to make it easier to split.
Technical Requirement: Use a splitting axe or maul to split the wood.
My Experience: I used to struggle to split tough logs by hand. Since I started using a hydraulic log splitter, I can split firewood much more easily and quickly.
Insight: Consider using a splitting wedge in conjunction with the axe or maul for splitting particularly tough logs.

Stacking the Firewood

Stacking is the process of arranging the firewood in a way that allows it to dry efficiently.

Location: Choose a location that is sunny and well-ventilated.
Stacking Method: Stack the firewood in rows, with the pieces of wood arranged in a crisscross pattern to allow for air circulation.
Technical Requirement: Elevate the firewood off the ground to prevent it from absorbing moisture.
Technical Requirement: Cover the firewood with a tarp or shed to protect it from rain and snow.
My Experience: I used to stack firewood in a damp, shady location, which caused it to rot and become unusable. Since I started stacking firewood in a sunny, well-ventilated location, it dries much more quickly and burns more efficiently.
Insight: Consider using a firewood rack to stack the firewood neatly and efficiently.

Drying the Firewood

Drying is the process of reducing the moisture content of the firewood to a level that is suitable for burning.

Moisture Content: The ideal moisture content for firewood is 20% or less.
Drying Time: The drying time for firewood can vary depending on the species of wood, the size of the pieces, and the weather conditions.
Technical Requirement: Use a moisture meter to check the moisture content of the firewood before burning it.
Technical Requirement: Allow the firewood to dry for at least six months before burning it.
My Experience: I used to burn firewood that was not properly dried, which caused it to burn poorly and produce a lot of smoke. Since I started burning firewood that is properly dried, it burns much more efficiently and produces less smoke.
Insight: Consider splitting the firewood into smaller pieces to speed up the drying process.

Case Studies: Applying Processing Techniques to Real-World Projects

To illustrate the practical application of the techniques discussed, let’s examine a few case studies.

Case Study 1: Sustainable Firewood Production

Project Goal: To establish a sustainable firewood production system using Narrow Leaf Ash from a managed forest.
Technical Details: The project involved selectively harvesting trees with a diameter of 12-16 inches. Trees were felled using directional felling techniques to minimize damage to the surrounding forest. Logs were bucked into 16-inch lengths and split using a hydraulic log splitter. The firewood was stacked in a sunny, well-ventilated location and allowed to dry for one year.
Results: The project produced a sustainable supply of high-quality firewood while minimizing environmental impact. The firewood had an average moisture content of 18% after one year of drying.
Lessons Learned: Careful planning and execution are essential for sustainable firewood production. Directional felling techniques can minimize damage to the surrounding forest. Proper stacking and drying techniques are crucial for producing high-quality firewood.

Case Study 2: Custom Furniture Fabrication

Project Goal: To fabricate a custom dining table using Narrow Leaf Ash.
Technical Details: The project involved selecting boards with straight grain and minimal knots. The boards were kiln-dried to a moisture content of 6%. The boards were then planed and sanded to a smooth finish. The table was assembled using mortise and tenon joinery. The table was finished with a durable polyurethane coating.
Results: The project resulted in a beautiful and durable dining table that showcased the natural beauty of Narrow Leaf Ash.
Lessons Learned: Careful wood selection is essential for producing high-quality furniture. Kiln drying is crucial for ensuring the stability of the wood. Proper joinery techniques are necessary for creating a strong and durable piece of furniture.

Case Study 3: Remediation of storm-damaged trees

Project Goal: Safely process Narrow Leaf Ash trees felled by a major storm into usable lumber and firewood.
Technical Details: The project involved a survey of downed trees, prioritizing those posing immediate hazards. Chainsaws with appropriate bar lengths (18-20″) were used to carefully section the trees. A portable sawmill was brought on-site to mill larger sections into lumber. Smaller branches and less valuable parts were processed into firewood, split using a mechanical splitter, and seasoned for future use.
Results: The project successfully cleared hazardous trees, salvaged valuable lumber, and created a supply of firewood, turning a disaster into a resource opportunity.
Lessons Learned: Having a flexible plan and appropriate equipment is critical for responding to storm damage. Utilizing both milling and firewood processing techniques maximizes the value of the damaged trees. Safety protocols were strictly enforced due to the unpredictable nature of storm-damaged wood.

By understanding the key timber traits of Narrow Leaf Ash, selecting and calibrating the right tools, and adhering to safety protocols, you can efficiently and safely process this versatile wood for a wide range of applications. Remember, experience is the best teacher, so don’t be afraid to experiment and learn from your mistakes.