Is Elm Good For Burning? (5 Pro Tips For Perfect Firewood)

Have you ever stacked a winter’s worth of firewood, confident in your supply, only to find it burns like damp cardboard? I’ve been there. It’s a frustrating experience, especially when you’re relying on that wood to keep your home warm. One common mistake I’ve seen, and even made myself early on, is assuming all wood burns equally well. That’s simply not the case. Some species are fantastic for firewood, packing a serious BTU punch, while others… well, they’re better left for other purposes. Today, we’re diving deep into one particular species: elm. Is elm good for burning? The answer isn’t a simple yes or no, but with the right knowledge and techniques, you can make elm a valuable part of your firewood arsenal. I’ll share my pro tips for turning this often-overlooked wood into perfect firewood.

Is Elm Good for Burning? (5 Pro Tips for Perfect Firewood)

Elm gets a bad rap. Ask most seasoned firewood cutters about it, and you’ll likely get a grimace. “Stringy,” “difficult to split,” “low heat output” – these are common complaints. And while there’s some truth to these criticisms, writing off elm entirely is a mistake. With proper handling and understanding, elm can be a decent, even worthwhile, firewood option. The key is knowing its strengths and weaknesses and adjusting your approach accordingly.

Understanding the Elusive Elm: Species and Characteristics

Before we get into burning specifics, let’s talk about what we mean by “elm.” There are several species of elm, and they aren’t all created equal. The most common in North America include:

American Elm (Ulmus americana): Once a majestic shade tree, the American elm has been decimated by Dutch elm disease. Finding large, healthy specimens is rare, but downed trees are still encountered.
Red Elm (Ulmus rubra), also known as Slippery Elm: This species is generally considered slightly better firewood than American elm.
Rock Elm (Ulmus thomasii): This is the heavyweight of the elm family. It’s denser than other elms and, consequently, provides more heat.
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila): Often considered an invasive species, Siberian elm is a fast-growing but relatively weak wood. It’s the least desirable elm for firewood.

Key Characteristics of Elm:

Interlocked Grain: This is the primary reason elm is notoriously difficult to split. The grain doesn’t run straight, making it resist cleaving.
High Moisture Content: Elm tends to retain moisture for a long time, requiring a longer seasoning period than many other hardwoods.
Moderate Density: While not as dense as oak or hickory, elm is denser than softer woods like pine or poplar.
Distinctive Bark: Elm bark is typically deeply furrowed and ridged. American elm bark is often gray, while red elm bark can have a reddish hue.

Data Point: According to the USDA Forest Service, the air-dried weight of elm ranges from approximately 35 to 45 pounds per cubic foot, depending on the species. This places it in the mid-range for firewood density.

Elm’s Burning Qualities: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

So, how does elm stack up as firewood? Let’s break down its pros and cons:

The Good:

Decent Heat Output: While not a top-tier heat producer like oak or hickory, elm still provides a respectable amount of heat.
Long Burn Time (if properly seasoned): Once dried, elm burns relatively slowly, providing a steady heat source.
Availability: In many areas, elm is readily available, especially trees that have succumbed to disease or storm damage.
Acceptable Coaling: Elm does produce coals, although not as abundantly as some denser hardwoods.

The Bad:

Difficult to Split: This is the biggest drawback. The interlocked grain makes splitting elm a real chore, often requiring specialized tools or techniques.
Slow Seasoning: Elm needs a long time to dry properly, typically at least 12-18 months, and sometimes longer in humid climates.
Can be Smoky: If not fully seasoned, elm can produce a lot of smoke when burned.
Unpleasant Odor (sometimes): Some people find the smell of burning elm to be slightly unpleasant. I’ve noticed this more with Siberian elm than other species.

The Ugly:

Dutch Elm Disease: The prevalence of Dutch elm disease means that much of the elm available for firewood is already decaying, which can affect its burning properties.
Insect Infestation: Dead or dying elm trees are often infested with insects, which can be a nuisance when handling the wood.

Data Point: Elm typically has a BTU (British Thermal Unit) rating of around 20 million BTUs per cord, compared to oak, which can range from 24 to 30 million BTUs per cord. This means you’ll need more elm to produce the same amount of heat as oak.

Pro Tip #1: Species Identification is Key

Not all elm is created equal. As I mentioned earlier, Rock Elm is significantly better than Siberian Elm. Before you start cutting, take the time to identify the species. Look at the bark, leaves (if present), and overall tree shape. If you’re unsure, consult a tree identification guide or ask a local arborist. Knowing the species will help you manage your expectations and adjust your processing techniques accordingly.

Personal Story: I once spent a whole afternoon splitting what I thought was red elm, only to realize later it was Siberian elm. The wood was stringy, difficult to split, and burned quickly with little heat. It was a valuable lesson in the importance of proper species identification. Now, I always double-check before I start cutting.

Pro Tip #2: Conquer the Split: Techniques and Tools

Splitting elm is where most people give up. But don’t despair! With the right approach, you can overcome this challenge. Here are some techniques and tools I’ve found effective:

Hydraulic Log Splitter: This is the most efficient way to split elm, especially larger rounds. A log splitter with at least 20 tons of splitting force is recommended. I personally use a 25-ton splitter, and it handles elm with relative ease.
Maul and Wedges: If you’re splitting by hand, a heavy maul (8-10 pounds) is essential. Use wedges to split particularly stubborn rounds. Drive the wedges into cracks or along the grain.
Splitting Axe: A splitting axe with a wedge-shaped head can be effective for smaller elm rounds.
The “Noodle” Technique: For extremely difficult rounds, try the “noodle” technique. Use a chainsaw to cut several parallel grooves across the round, then split along the grooves. This weakens the wood and makes it easier to cleave. Safety Note: Always use proper safety gear when operating a chainsaw, including eye protection, hearing protection, and chaps.
The “Star” Technique: This involves making several cuts with a chainsaw radiating from the center of the round, creating a star-like pattern. Then, split each section individually. Safety Note: Exercise extreme caution when using this technique, as the chainsaw can kick back.
Wet vs. Dry: I’ve found that elm is often easier to split when it’s still green (freshly cut). The moisture can help lubricate the fibers. However, splitting green wood is more physically demanding.

Data Point: A study by Oregon State University Extension Service found that using a hydraulic log splitter can reduce the time and effort required to split firewood by up to 75% compared to manual splitting methods.

Case Study: I recently helped a friend clear a large, downed American elm tree from his property. The tree was about 30 inches in diameter at the base and extremely difficult to split. We used a combination of techniques: the hydraulic log splitter for the larger rounds and the “noodle” technique for the especially stubborn pieces. It was a challenging job, but we eventually processed the entire tree into firewood.

Pro Tip #3: The Long Wait: Seasoning Elm Properly

Elm requires a longer seasoning period than many other hardwoods. Aim for at least 12-18 months, and even longer in humid climates. Proper seasoning is crucial for reducing smoke, increasing heat output, and preventing creosote buildup in your chimney.

Here are some tips for seasoning elm:

Split it First: Splitting the wood exposes more surface area, allowing it to dry faster.
Stack it Properly: Stack the wood in a single row, off the ground, with good air circulation. Use pallets or scrap wood to create a base.
Elevate the Stack: Elevating the stack will help prevent ground moisture from wicking into the wood.
Cover the Top: Cover the top of the stack with a tarp to protect it from rain and snow, but leave the sides open for ventilation.
Monitor Moisture Content: Use a moisture meter to check the moisture content of the wood. Ideally, you want it below 20% before burning.

Data Point: The ideal moisture content for firewood is between 15% and 20%. Wood with a moisture content above 25% will be difficult to light and will produce excessive smoke.

Personal Story: I once made the mistake of burning elm that I thought was seasoned, but it turned out to be too wet. The fire was smoky and produced very little heat. It was a frustrating experience and a reminder of the importance of proper seasoning. Now, I always check the moisture content with a meter before burning any firewood.

Pro Tip #4: Burning Strategies: How to Get the Most Out of Elm

Even with proper seasoning, elm may not burn as hot or as cleanly as some other hardwoods. Here are some strategies for getting the most out of your elm firewood:

Mix it with Other Woods: Combine elm with hotter-burning woods like oak or hickory. This will help to maintain a good fire and improve overall heat output.
Use it for Shoulder Season: Elm is well-suited for burning during the shoulder seasons (spring and fall) when you don’t need as much heat.
Monitor Your Chimney: Because elm can produce more creosote than some other woods, it’s important to monitor your chimney and clean it regularly.
Burn Hot Fires: Burning hot fires helps to reduce creosote buildup and improve combustion efficiency.

Data Point: Creosote is a flammable byproduct of incomplete combustion that can build up in chimneys and cause chimney fires. Regular chimney cleaning is essential for preventing chimney fires. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that chimneys be inspected and cleaned at least once a year.

Pro Tip #5: Safety First: Protecting Yourself While Processing Elm

Processing firewood can be dangerous, especially when dealing with a difficult wood like elm. Here are some safety precautions to take:

Wear Proper Safety Gear: Always wear eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and steel-toed boots when processing firewood. When using a chainsaw, wear chaps.
Use the Right Tools: Use the right tools for the job. Don’t try to split elm with a hatchet.
Maintain Your Tools: Keep your tools sharp and in good working order. A dull axe or chainsaw is more dangerous than a sharp one.
Work in a Safe Area: Clear the area around you of obstacles and ensure you have enough space to work safely.
Be Aware of Your Surroundings: Pay attention to your surroundings and be aware of potential hazards, such as uneven ground, overhead branches, and wildlife.
Take Breaks: Processing firewood can be physically demanding. Take breaks to avoid fatigue, which can increase the risk of injury.
Never Work Alone: It’s always safer to work with a partner, especially when using power equipment.

Data Point: According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), thousands of people are injured each year while using chainsaws and other power equipment. Proper safety precautions can help to prevent these injuries.

Real Example: I know a logger who sustained a serious leg injury while felling a large elm tree. He was working alone and didn’t have proper safety gear. The tree kicked back and struck him in the leg, causing a compound fracture. He was lucky to survive. This incident serves as a stark reminder of the importance of safety when working with trees and power equipment.

Conclusion: Elm – A Worthwhile, But Demanding, Firewood Option

So, is elm good for burning? The answer, as I said at the beginning, is nuanced. It’s not the best firewood, but it’s far from the worst. With proper species identification, the right splitting techniques, patient seasoning, and smart burning strategies, elm can be a valuable addition to your firewood supply. Just remember to prioritize safety and be prepared for a bit more work than you might encounter with other species. Don’t let the naysayers discourage you. If you have access to elm, don’t dismiss it out of hand. Give it a try, and you might be surprised at how well it burns. After all, a warm home is the ultimate reward for a job well done, no matter the type of wood that fuels the fire.

Is Elm Good for Burning? (5 Pro Tips for Perfect Firewood)