Farmers’ Almanac November 2024: Winter Firewood Prep Tips (Chainsaw Insights)

Aha! It hit me like a rogue branch to the face. It was late October, a biting wind was whipping through the Pennsylvania woods, and I was wrestling with a particularly stubborn piece of oak – green oak, mind you – trying to split it with a maul. My back screamed, my hands were blistered, and the wood remained stubbornly intact. That’s when I realized: efficient firewood prep isn’t just about brute force; it’s about knowledge, timing, and the right tools.

The Farmers’ Almanac November 2024 edition focusing on winter firewood preparation, with insights from chainsaw experts, is a crucial guide. It signals the coming winter and the urgent need for homeowners and small businesses alike to secure their heating fuel. The intent is clear: to provide actionable information enabling readers to prepare firewood efficiently, safely, and economically before the harshest weather arrives. This guide aims to demystify the process, from selecting the right trees to stacking the seasoned wood, ensuring a warm and cost-effective winter. It’s about empowering you, the reader, to take control of your heating needs and connect with the satisfying process of providing for yourself and your family.

Preparing for Winter: A Chainsaw Expert’s Guide to Firewood

As a seasoned wood processing professional, I’ve spent years felling trees, milling lumber, and yes, splitting countless cords of firewood. I’ve learned from my mistakes, experimented with different techniques, and discovered what truly works. This guide is a culmination of that experience, designed to help you navigate the often-overwhelming world of firewood preparation.

Understanding the Basics: Green vs. Seasoned Wood

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty, let’s establish some fundamental concepts.

• Green Wood: This is freshly cut wood with a high moisture content. It’s heavy, difficult to split, and burns poorly, producing more smoke and less heat. Green wood typically has a moisture content of 50% or higher.
• Seasoned Wood: This is wood that has been allowed to dry, reducing its moisture content to around 20% or less. Seasoned wood is lighter, easier to split, and burns cleaner and more efficiently. The drying process typically takes 6-12 months, depending on the wood species and climate.

The key to efficient firewood preparation is understanding the difference and planning accordingly.

Tooling Up: Chainsaw Selection and Maintenance

The chainsaw is the workhorse of firewood preparation. Choosing the right saw and maintaining it properly is crucial for safety and efficiency.

Chainsaw Selection: A Tailored Approach

Selecting the right chainsaw depends on the size and type of trees you’ll be felling and the amount of firewood you intend to process.

• Light-Duty (14-16 inch bar): Ideal for homeowners felling small trees (under 12 inches in diameter) and limbing. These saws are typically gas-powered with engine sizes around 30-40cc or battery-powered with voltages ranging from 40-80V. A Stihl MS 170 or Husqvarna 435 would be good examples.
• Medium-Duty (16-18 inch bar): Suitable for felling medium-sized trees (12-24 inches in diameter) and more frequent use. These saws have engine sizes around 40-50cc. Consider models like the Stihl MS 271 FARM BOSS or Husqvarna 455 Rancher.
• Heavy-Duty (20+ inch bar): Designed for felling large trees (over 24 inches in diameter) and professional use. These saws boast powerful engines, often exceeding 50cc. Examples include the Stihl MS 462 or Husqvarna 372XP.

Battery-powered chainsaws are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of use and reduced noise and emissions. However, they typically have shorter run times and less power than their gas-powered counterparts. I’ve used both extensively and find battery models are excellent for smaller jobs and maintenance, while gas remains king for demanding, all-day tasks.

Personal Story: I once tried to fell a 30-inch oak with a 16-inch chainsaw. It was a grueling experience that took far longer than it should have and put unnecessary strain on the saw. Learn from my mistake: choose the right tool for the job.

Chainsaw Maintenance: Keeping Your Saw Sharp and Ready

Proper chainsaw maintenance is essential for safety and performance. Here’s a breakdown of key tasks:

• Chain Sharpening: A dull chain is a dangerous chain. Sharpen your chain regularly using a file and guide or a chain grinder. Aim for a consistent angle and depth on each tooth. I prefer using a chainsaw file guide to maintain consistency, especially in the field.
• Chain Tension: Check chain tension before each use. The chain should be snug against the bar but still able to be pulled freely around it. Adjust the tension using the adjustment screw on the side of the saw.
• Bar Maintenance: Clean the bar groove regularly to remove debris and ensure proper chain lubrication. Check the bar rails for wear and file them down if necessary.
• Air Filter: Clean or replace the air filter regularly to ensure proper engine performance. A clogged air filter can lead to reduced power and increased fuel consumption.
• Spark Plug: Inspect and replace the spark plug annually or as needed. A fouled spark plug can cause starting problems and poor engine performance.
• Fuel and Oil: Use the correct fuel and oil mixture as specified by the manufacturer. Store fuel in a clean, approved container and replace it every few months to prevent degradation. Use bar and chain oil specifically designed for chainsaws. I prefer using a biodegradable bar and chain oil to minimize environmental impact.

Data Point: A study by the U.S. Forest Service found that properly maintained chainsaws are 20% more efficient and 30% less likely to cause injury.

Felling Trees: A Step-by-Step Guide

Felling trees is a dangerous task that requires careful planning and execution. Always wear appropriate safety gear, including a helmet, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and chainsaw chaps.

1. Assess the Tree and Surroundings: Before felling a tree, carefully assess its size, lean, and any potential hazards, such as power lines, buildings, or other trees. Consider the wind direction and how it might affect the tree’s fall.
2. Plan the Escape Route: Identify a clear escape route that is at a 45-degree angle away from the direction of the fall. Clear any obstacles from the escape route.
3. Make the Notch Cut: The notch cut determines the direction of the fall. It consists of two cuts: an upper cut that is angled downward at approximately 45 degrees and a lower cut that is horizontal and meets the upper cut. The notch should be about one-third of the tree’s diameter.
4. Make the Back Cut: The back cut is made on the opposite side of the tree from the notch cut. It should be slightly above the horizontal cut of the notch and should leave a hinge of wood that is about one-tenth of the tree’s diameter. The hinge helps to control the fall of the tree.
5. Use Felling Wedges: If the tree is leaning in the wrong direction or if you are concerned about it falling prematurely, use felling wedges to help push it over. Insert the wedges into the back cut and drive them in with a hammer or axe.
6. Retreat Safely: Once the tree starts to fall, retreat quickly and safely along your escape route. Watch out for falling branches and debris.

Case Study: I once witnessed a logger who failed to properly assess the lean of a tree. The tree fell in the opposite direction of where he intended, narrowly missing him and damaging a nearby building. This incident underscored the importance of meticulous planning and adherence to safety protocols.

Measurement: The hinge wood thickness is critical. Too thin, and the tree can twist unpredictably. Too thick, and it might not fall cleanly. Aim for about 10% of the tree diameter. For a 20-inch tree, that’s a 2-inch hinge.

Bucking Logs: Cutting to Length

Once the tree is on the ground, it needs to be bucked into manageable lengths for splitting.

1. Determine the Desired Length: Decide on the length of firewood that you want to produce. Most wood stoves and fireplaces accommodate lengths of 16-20 inches.
2. Measure and Mark: Use a measuring tape or stick to mark the logs at the desired length.
3. Cut the Logs: Use your chainsaw to cut the logs at the marked points. Be sure to support the log to prevent it from pinching the chain.
4. Use a Sawbuck: A sawbuck is a simple wooden frame that holds logs in place while you cut them. It makes bucking logs safer and easier.

Tip: When bucking logs, cut them slightly longer than the desired length to allow for some shrinkage during the seasoning process.

Splitting Firewood: Manual vs. Hydraulic

Splitting firewood can be done manually with an axe or maul, or mechanically with a hydraulic log splitter.

Manual Splitting: The Traditional Approach

Manual splitting is a good option for those who want to save money and get some exercise. However, it can be physically demanding and time-consuming.

• Tools: You’ll need a splitting axe or maul, a sledgehammer, and splitting wedges. A splitting axe is lighter and designed for splitting smaller rounds, while a maul is heavier and better suited for splitting larger, tougher rounds. Splitting wedges are used to split particularly stubborn pieces of wood.
• Technique: Place the round on a solid, stable surface, such as a chopping block. Position your feet shoulder-width apart and grip the axe or maul firmly with both hands. Raise the axe or maul overhead and bring it down with force onto the center of the round. If the round doesn’t split on the first try, reposition the axe or maul and try again. For particularly tough rounds, drive splitting wedges into the cracks with a sledgehammer.
• Safety: Always wear safety glasses and gloves when splitting firewood. Be aware of your surroundings and make sure that there are no people or obstacles in your swing path.

Personal Anecdote: I spent one summer splitting firewood manually. By the end, I was in the best shape of my life, but my back was killing me. It taught me the value of proper technique and the limitations of manual labor.

Hydraulic Log Splitters: Efficiency and Power

Hydraulic log splitters use hydraulic pressure to split logs quickly and easily. They are more expensive than manual splitting tools, but they can save you a lot of time and effort.

• Types: Hydraulic log splitters are available in both electric and gas-powered models. Electric models are quieter and cleaner, but they typically have less power than gas-powered models. Log splitters are also available in different tonnage ratings. The tonnage rating indicates the amount of force that the splitter can exert. A 20-ton splitter is sufficient for most homeowners, while a 30-ton or higher splitter is recommended for professional use.
• Operation: Place the log on the splitter bed and position it against the splitting wedge. Activate the hydraulic pump to push the log against the wedge, splitting it in half. Repeat the process until the log is split into the desired size.
• Safety: Always wear safety glasses and gloves when operating a log splitter. Keep your hands and feet clear of the splitting area. Never operate a log splitter on an uneven surface.

Data Point: A study by the University of Maine found that hydraulic log splitters can reduce the time required to split a cord of firewood by up to 75%.

Tool Specifications: I use a 27-ton gas-powered log splitter. It has a cycle time of around 15 seconds and can handle logs up to 25 inches in diameter. It’s a beast, but it makes short work of even the toughest oak rounds.

Some species burn hotter and longer than others.

• Hardwoods: Hardwoods are generally denser and burn longer than softwoods. They also produce less smoke and creosote. Popular hardwood species for firewood include oak, maple, ash, birch, and beech.
• Softwoods: Softwoods are less dense and burn faster than hardwoods. They also produce more smoke and creosote. Popular softwood species for firewood include pine, fir, spruce, and cedar.

Here’s a quick rundown of some common firewood species:

• Oak: High heat output, long burn time, excellent coaling properties.
• Maple: Good heat output, moderate burn time, splits easily.
• Ash: Excellent heat output, burns cleanly, easy to split.
• Birch: Moderate heat output, burns quickly, attractive flame.
• Pine: Low heat output, burns quickly, produces a lot of smoke. (Use sparingly and only in well-ventilated stoves/fireplaces).

Strategic Advantage: I prioritize oak and ash for my primary firewood supply. They provide the most heat and burn the longest, minimizing the need for frequent refueling. I use birch for kindling and shoulder-season fires when I want a quick burst of heat.

Seasoning Firewood: The Drying Process

Seasoning firewood is crucial for efficient and clean burning. The goal is to reduce the moisture content of the wood to around 20% or less.

1. Stack the Wood: Stack the firewood in a single row, off the ground, in a sunny and windy location. This will allow air to circulate freely around the wood, promoting drying.
2. Cover the Top: Cover the top of the woodpile with a tarp or sheet of metal to protect it from rain and snow. Leave the sides open to allow for ventilation.
3. Allow Time to Dry: The amount of time it takes for firewood to season depends on the wood species, climate, and stacking method. Generally, hardwoods take 6-12 months to season, while softwoods take 3-6 months.

Measurements: Aim for a moisture content of 20% or less. You can use a moisture meter to check the moisture content of the wood. Split a piece of wood and measure the moisture content on the freshly exposed surface.

Original Insight: I’ve found that stacking firewood in a crisscross pattern at the ends of the pile creates better airflow and speeds up the drying process.

Firewood Stacking: Maximizing Space and Airflow

Proper firewood stacking is essential for efficient seasoning and easy access.

• Location: Choose a location that is close to your house but away from any structures that could be damaged by falling wood. The location should be well-drained and exposed to sunlight and wind.
• Foundation: Create a solid foundation for the woodpile by laying down a layer of gravel, pallets, or scrap wood. This will prevent the wood from sitting directly on the ground and absorbing moisture.
• Stacking Method: Stack the firewood in a neat and organized manner. There are several different stacking methods, but the most common is the “rick” method, where the wood is stacked in rows that are perpendicular to each other.
• Stability: Make sure that the woodpile is stable and will not collapse. Use stakes or posts to support the ends of the pile if necessary.

Case Study: I once saw a woodpile that was stacked haphazardly and leaning precariously. A strong wind caused the pile to collapse, scattering wood all over the yard and nearly injuring a passerby. This incident highlighted the importance of proper stacking techniques.

Safety First: Protecting Yourself and Others

Firewood preparation can be dangerous if proper safety precautions are not followed.

• Wear Safety Gear: Always wear appropriate safety gear, including a helmet, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and chainsaw chaps.
• Be Aware of Your Surroundings: Be aware of your surroundings and make sure that there are no people or obstacles in your work area.
• Use the Right Tools: Use the right tools for the job and make sure that they are in good working condition.
• Take Breaks: Take frequent breaks to avoid fatigue. Fatigue can lead to accidents.
• Never Work Alone: Never work alone when felling trees or splitting firewood. Have someone nearby who can assist you in case of an emergency.
• Know Your Limits: Don’t attempt to fell trees or split firewood that are beyond your capabilities.

Cost Considerations:

• Chainsaw: $200 – $1000+ (depending on size and features)
• Log Splitter: $800 – $3000+ (depending on tonnage and power source)
• Axe/Maul: $50 – $200
• Safety Gear: $100 – $300
• Fuel and Oil: Variable, depending on usage

Timing Estimates:

• Felling and Bucking: Varies greatly depending on tree size, terrain, and experience. A skilled individual can fell and buck a cord of wood in a day.
• Splitting: Manual splitting can take several days per cord. A log splitter can reduce this to a few hours.
• Seasoning: 6-12 months for hardwoods, 3-6 months for softwoods.

Skill Levels Required:

• Chainsaw Operation: Requires training and experience. Consider taking a chainsaw safety course.
• Felling Trees: Requires advanced skills and knowledge. It’s best left to professionals.
• Splitting Firewood: Can be learned relatively quickly, but proper technique is essential to avoid injury.
• Stacking Firewood: Requires minimal skill, but attention to detail is important for stability and airflow.

Strategic Insights and Tactical Instructions

Beyond the practical steps, successful firewood preparation involves strategic thinking.

1. Assess Your Needs: Determine how much firewood you will need for the winter.
2. Gather Your Tools: Make sure that you have all the necessary tools and equipment.
3. Identify a Source of Wood: Find a source of wood, whether it’s your own property or a local supplier.
4. Plan Your Work: Develop a plan for felling, bucking, splitting, and stacking the wood.
5. Start Early: Begin the firewood preparation process as early as possible to allow ample time for seasoning.
6. Stay Safe: Always prioritize safety and follow all safety precautions.

By following these steps, you can prepare for winter with confidence and enjoy the warmth and comfort of a wood-burning fire. Remember, efficient firewood preparation is a combination of knowledge, skill, and the right tools. Embrace the process, learn from your experiences, and enjoy the satisfaction of providing for yourself and your family. Good luck, and stay warm!

Learn more