Face Cord Vs Full Cord Explained (Wood Volume Hacks For Loggers)

Introduction: Understanding Firewood Volume in Your Climate

As someone who’s spent a good chunk of my life felling trees, milling lumber, and prepping firewood, I know firsthand how crucial it is to understand wood volume. Whether you’re heating your home through a harsh winter or running a wood-fired pizza oven, getting the right amount of firewood is essential. And that’s where the terms “face cord” and “full cord” come into play. These terms often cause confusion, even among seasoned loggers, and misunderstandings can lead to getting shortchanged or miscalculating your needs. So, let’s dive deep into what these terms really mean and how to make sure you’re getting the most bang for your buck, especially when dealing with the unique challenges of different climates.

My experience in the Pacific Northwest, for example, taught me the importance of properly seasoned wood due to the region’s high humidity. A “green” cord of wood in Washington State will burn very differently than a seasoned cord in Arizona. Similarly, the type of wood available varies dramatically by region. What works in Maine might not be available in Georgia. I’ll share insights I’ve gained from working with different wood types and volumes across various climates.

Face Cord vs. Full Cord: Unraveling the Mystery

Let’s start with the basics. The terms “face cord” and “full cord” are used to measure the volume of firewood. However, they represent significantly different quantities, and understanding the difference is vital to avoid misunderstandings and ensure you have enough wood to meet your needs.

What is a Full Cord?

A full cord, also known as a “bush cord” or “standard cord,” is a precisely defined unit of measurement.

Dimensions: A full cord measures 4 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long.
Volume: This equates to 128 cubic feet of tightly stacked wood.
The Standard: Think of it as the gold standard for firewood measurement. When someone says “cord,” they should be referring to a full cord.

What is a Face Cord?

Now, here’s where things get a little tricky. A face cord, also known as a “rick” or “tier,” isn’t a standardized unit.

Dimensions: The height and length are the same as a full cord (4 feet high and 8 feet long), but the width (or depth) is variable. This is typically determined by the length of the firewood pieces.
Volume: Because the depth isn’t fixed, the volume of a face cord can vary significantly. A common length for firewood is 16 inches, but it can range from 12 inches to 24 inches or even longer.
The Catch: The lack of standardization makes it essential to clarify the wood length when buying or selling a face cord.

Takeaway: A full cord is a fixed measurement; a face cord is not. Always clarify the wood length when dealing with face cords.

Why the Confusion? My Logger’s Perspective

I’ve seen countless arguments and misunderstandings arise from the ambiguity surrounding face cords. Here’s why it’s so confusing:

Regional Variations: The term “face cord” can mean different things in different regions. What’s considered a face cord in one state might be a completely different volume in another.
Lack of Regulation: There’s no universal standard for face cord measurements, leaving room for dishonest sellers to take advantage of unsuspecting buyers.
Miscommunication: Often, buyers and sellers don’t explicitly discuss the wood length, leading to discrepancies and dissatisfaction.

My advice: Always, always, always clarify the dimensions – especially the wood length – when dealing with face cords. Ask the seller to specify the height, length, and depth of the stack.

Calculating the Volume: From Theory to the Woods

Understanding the math behind cord measurements is crucial for accurate calculations.

Calculating the Volume of a Full Cord

The calculation is straightforward:

Volume = Height x Width x Length
Volume = 4 feet x 4 feet x 8 feet
Volume = 128 cubic feet

Calculating the Volume of a Face Cord

Calculating the volume of a face cord requires knowing the wood length:

Volume = Height x Length x Wood Length
Example: If the wood length is 16 inches (1.33 feet), then:
Volume = 4 feet x 8 feet x 1.33 feet
Volume = 42.56 cubic feet

Converting Face Cords to Full Cords

To determine how many face cords equal a full cord, divide the volume of a full cord (128 cubic feet) by the volume of the face cord:

Number of Face Cords = Full Cord Volume / Face Cord Volume
Example: Using the face cord volume from the previous example (42.56 cubic feet):
Number of Face Cords = 128 cubic feet / 42.56 cubic feet
Number of Face Cords = Approximately 3 face cords

Important Note: The number of face cords needed to equal a full cord depends entirely on the wood length. Shorter wood lengths will require more face cords to equal a full cord, while longer wood lengths will require fewer.

Takeaway: Do the math! Don’t rely on assumptions or vague descriptions.

Wood Types and Volume: A Logger’s Woodpile Wisdom

The type of wood you burn also impacts how much you need. Hardwoods like oak, maple, and ash are denser and burn longer than softwoods like pine, fir, and spruce.

Hardwood vs. Softwood: BTU Content

BTU (British Thermal Unit): BTU measures the amount of heat energy contained in a fuel. Higher BTU means more heat.
Hardwoods: Typically have higher BTU content than softwoods.
Example:
- Oak: Approximately 28 million BTU per cord
- Maple: Approximately 24 million BTU per cord
- Pine: Approximately 17 million BTU per cord
Implication: You’ll need more softwood than hardwood to produce the same amount of heat.

Density and Stacking

Denser Wood: Denser woods tend to stack more tightly, resulting in fewer air gaps and a higher overall heat value per cord.
Loosely Stacked Wood: Loosely stacked wood contains more air, which reduces the overall heat value.
My Observation: I’ve noticed that a loosely stacked cord of pine can burn almost as quickly as a tightly stacked half-cord of oak.

Regional Wood Variations

Climate Impact: The species of trees available in your region will influence your firewood choices.
Example: In the Northeast, hardwoods like oak and maple are abundant, while in the Southeast, you might find more pine and gum.
Adaptability: Learn about the wood types available in your area and their BTU content to make informed decisions.

Takeaway: Consider the wood type and its BTU content when determining how much firewood you need.

Seasoning and Volume: The Drying Game

Seasoning, or drying, firewood is crucial for efficient burning and reducing smoke. Properly seasoned wood burns hotter and cleaner than green wood.

Moisture Content: The Key Metric

Green Wood: Freshly cut wood can have a moisture content of 50% or higher.
Seasoned Wood: Ideally, firewood should have a moisture content of 20% or less.
Why Season? Burning green wood wastes energy because the heat is used to evaporate the water instead of heating your home. It also produces more smoke and creosote, which can be a fire hazard in your chimney.

Seasoning Time: Patience is a Virtue

General Rule: Most hardwoods require at least 6-12 months of seasoning. Softwoods can season more quickly, typically in 3-6 months.
Climate Factors: Hot, dry climates promote faster seasoning than cool, humid climates.
Stacking Method: Stacking wood in a single row, off the ground, and exposed to sunlight and wind will accelerate the drying process.

Measuring Moisture Content: Tools of the Trade

Moisture Meter: A moisture meter is a handheld device that measures the moisture content of wood.
How to Use: Simply insert the probes into a freshly split piece of wood and read the measurement.
My Recommendation: Invest in a reliable moisture meter to ensure your wood is properly seasoned.

Volume Changes During Seasoning

Shrinkage: As wood dries, it shrinks. This means a cord of green wood will be slightly larger than a cord of seasoned wood.
Stacking Considerations: When stacking green wood, allow for some settling as the wood dries and shrinks.
My Experience: I’ve seen stacks of green wood shrink by as much as 5-10% during the seasoning process.

Takeaway: Always season your firewood properly, and be aware of potential volume changes during the drying process.

Buying and Selling Firewood: Smart Strategies

Navigating the firewood market can be tricky. Here are some tips for buying and selling firewood to ensure a fair deal.

Buying Firewood: Buyer Beware

Ask Questions: Don’t hesitate to ask the seller about the wood type, moisture content, wood length, and stacking method.
Inspect the Wood: If possible, inspect the wood before buying it. Look for signs of seasoning, such as cracks in the end grain and a lighter color.
Measure the Stack: If you’re buying a face cord, measure the height, length, and depth of the stack to verify the volume.
Get a Receipt: Always get a receipt that specifies the quantity of wood, the price, and the seller’s contact information.
Check Local Regulations: Some states and municipalities have regulations regarding the sale of firewood. Be aware of these regulations to avoid legal issues.

Selling Firewood: Building Trust

Be Transparent: Clearly state the wood type, moisture content, wood length, and stacking method.
Offer Accurate Measurements: Use a measuring tape to accurately measure the stack and provide the buyer with the dimensions.
Provide Honest Information: Don’t exaggerate the BTU content or seasoning time.
Offer a Guarantee: Consider offering a guarantee that the wood is properly seasoned and will burn efficiently.
Build Relationships: Treat your customers with respect and build long-term relationships.

Case Study: A Firewood Fiasco

I once witnessed a dispute between a homeowner and a firewood seller over a “face cord” of oak. The homeowner thought he was getting a third of a full cord, but the wood length was only 12 inches. As a result, he received significantly less wood than he expected. The seller refused to make amends, and the homeowner was left feeling cheated. This situation could have been avoided if both parties had clearly communicated and agreed on the wood length beforehand.

Takeaway: Clear communication and accurate measurements are essential for fair firewood transactions.

Tools and Techniques for Firewood Preparation

Preparing firewood efficiently requires the right tools and techniques.

Chainsaws: The Workhorse of Firewood Processing

Chainsaw Selection: Choose a chainsaw that’s appropriate for the size of the wood you’ll be cutting. A smaller chainsaw is fine for small logs, but a larger chainsaw is needed for larger logs.
Safety Gear: Always wear appropriate safety gear, including a helmet, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and chaps.
Chainsaw Maintenance: Keep your chainsaw properly maintained by sharpening the chain regularly, cleaning the air filter, and checking the oil and fuel levels.
Felling Techniques: Learn proper felling techniques to safely and efficiently fell trees.
Bucking Techniques: Use proper bucking techniques to cut logs into firewood lengths.

Log Splitters: Making Life Easier

Log Splitter Types: There are two main types of log splitters: hydraulic and manual. Hydraulic log splitters are powered by a hydraulic pump and can split larger logs with less effort. Manual log splitters are powered by hand and are suitable for smaller logs.
Log Splitter Selection: Choose a log splitter that’s appropriate for the size and type of wood you’ll be splitting.
Safety Precautions: Always wear appropriate safety gear, including eye protection and gloves.
Operating Techniques: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for operating the log splitter safely and efficiently.

Splitting Axes and Mauls: The Traditional Approach

Splitting Axe: A splitting axe is designed for splitting smaller logs.
Maul: A maul is a heavier tool that’s designed for splitting larger logs.
Technique: Use a chopping block to provide a stable surface for splitting wood. Place the log on the chopping block and swing the axe or maul down onto the log.
Safety: Always wear appropriate safety gear, including eye protection and gloves.

Stacking Techniques: Maximizing Space and Airflow

Stacking Method: Stack firewood in a single row, off the ground, and exposed to sunlight and wind.
Stack Height: Don’t stack firewood too high, as this can make the stack unstable.
Airflow: Leave space between the rows to allow for airflow.
Ground Contact: Use pallets or other materials to keep the firewood off the ground.

Efficiency Metrics: Tracking Your Progress

Processing Time: Track the amount of time it takes you to process a cord of firewood. This will help you identify areas where you can improve your efficiency.
Wood Consumption: Track the amount of firewood you burn each year. This will help you estimate your firewood needs for future years.
Moisture Content: Regularly measure the moisture content of your firewood to ensure it’s properly seasoned.

Takeaway: Invest in the right tools and techniques to make firewood preparation safer and more efficient.

Safety First: A Logger’s Code

Working with logging tools and preparing firewood can be dangerous. Always prioritize safety.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Helmet: Protects your head from falling branches and debris.
Eye Protection: Protects your eyes from flying chips and dust.
Hearing Protection: Protects your ears from the loud noise of chainsaws and other equipment.
Gloves: Protect your hands from cuts and abrasions.
Chaps: Protect your legs from chainsaw injuries.
Steel-Toed Boots: Protect your feet from falling logs and other hazards.

Chainsaw Safety

Read the Manual: Familiarize yourself with the chainsaw’s operating instructions and safety precautions.
Inspect the Chainsaw: Inspect the chainsaw before each use to ensure it’s in good working condition.
Use Proper Techniques: Use proper felling and bucking techniques to avoid injuries.
Avoid Kickback: Be aware of the risk of chainsaw kickback and take steps to avoid it.
Don’t Work Alone: Always work with a partner when using a chainsaw.

Log Splitter Safety

Read the Manual: Familiarize yourself with the log splitter’s operating instructions and safety precautions.
Wear Safety Gear: Always wear eye protection and gloves when operating a log splitter.
Keep Hands Clear: Keep your hands clear of the splitting wedge and ram.
Don’t Force It: Don’t try to split logs that are too large or knotty.
Work on a Stable Surface: Operate the log splitter on a stable, level surface.

General Safety Tips

Stay Alert: Pay attention to your surroundings and avoid distractions.
Take Breaks: Take frequent breaks to avoid fatigue.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
Know Your Limits: Don’t attempt tasks that are beyond your skill level.
First Aid: Keep a first-aid kit nearby and know how to use it.

Case Study: A Near Miss

I once witnessed a logger who was seriously injured when a tree fell in the wrong direction. He was lucky to be alive. This incident reinforced the importance of following proper felling techniques and being aware of the potential hazards.

Takeaway: Safety should always be your top priority when working with logging tools and preparing firewood.

Environmental Considerations: Sustainable Practices

Sustainable firewood harvesting practices are essential for protecting our forests.

Selective Harvesting

Target Mature Trees: Focus on harvesting mature, diseased, or damaged trees.
Leave Young Trees: Leave young, healthy trees to continue growing.
Promote Biodiversity: Maintain a variety of tree species to promote biodiversity.

Reforestation

Plant Trees: Plant new trees to replace those that are harvested.
Use Native Species: Use native tree species that are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions.
Protect Seedlings: Protect seedlings from browsing animals and competing vegetation.

Minimizing Soil Disturbance

Avoid Heavy Equipment: Avoid using heavy equipment on sensitive soils.
Use Erosion Control Measures: Use erosion control measures, such as silt fences and mulch, to prevent soil erosion.
Protect Water Quality: Protect water quality by avoiding logging near streams and wetlands.

Responsible Wood Disposal

Burn Clean: Burn only dry, seasoned firewood to reduce smoke and emissions.
Dispose of Ash Properly: Dispose of wood ash properly by spreading it in your garden or compost pile.
Recycle Wood Waste: Recycle wood waste whenever possible.

Regulations and Best Practices

Local Regulations: Be aware of local regulations regarding firewood harvesting and burning.
Best Management Practices (BMPs): Follow BMPs for sustainable forestry.
Certification Programs: Consider obtaining certification from a sustainable forestry organization.

My Commitment

I always strive to harvest firewood sustainably and responsibly. I believe it’s our responsibility to protect our forests for future generations.

Takeaway: Practice sustainable firewood harvesting to protect our forests and ensure a healthy environment.

Advanced Firewood Preparation Techniques

For those looking to take their firewood preparation skills to the next level, here are some advanced techniques.

Timber Grading: Maximizing Value

Grading Standards: Learn about timber grading standards to identify high-value logs.
Sawmilling: Consider sawmilling high-value logs into lumber.
Value-Added Products: Create value-added products, such as furniture or crafts, from the lumber.

Kiln Drying: Accelerating Seasoning

Kiln Types: There are several types of kilns for drying wood, including solar kilns, dehumidification kilns, and conventional kilns.
Kiln Operation: Learn how to operate a kiln to dry wood quickly and efficiently.
Moisture Control: Monitor the moisture content of the wood throughout the drying process.

Small-Scale Sawmill Operations

Portable Sawmills: Portable sawmills allow you to mill lumber on-site.
Sawmill Setup: Learn how to set up and operate a portable sawmill.
Sawmill Maintenance: Keep your sawmill properly maintained to ensure optimal performance.

Wood Pellets and Briquettes: Alternative Fuel Sources

Pellet Production: Learn how to produce wood pellets from wood waste.
Briquette Production: Learn how to produce wood briquettes from wood waste.
Marketing and Sales: Develop a marketing plan to sell wood pellets and briquettes.

Firewood Business Strategies

Market Research: Conduct market research to identify potential customers.
Pricing Strategies: Develop a pricing strategy that’s competitive and profitable.
Marketing and Advertising: Use marketing and advertising to reach potential customers.
Customer Service: Provide excellent customer service to build customer loyalty.

My Future Plans

I’m currently exploring the possibility of starting a small-scale sawmill operation to produce lumber and value-added products.

Takeaway: Explore advanced firewood preparation techniques to maximize the value of your wood and create new business opportunities.

Conclusion: Mastering the Cord Game

Understanding the difference between a face cord and a full cord is crucial for anyone who buys, sells, or uses firewood. By clarifying measurements, considering wood types, and prioritizing safety, you can ensure a fair deal and a warm home.

My journey in the woods has taught me that respect for the land and a commitment to sustainable practices are just as important as understanding the technical aspects of firewood preparation. So, go forth, be informed, and enjoy the warmth of a well-managed woodpile!