Emergency Tree Work Tips (5 Expert Chainsaw Techniques)

Every year, falling trees and branches cause over 100 fatalities and thousands of injuries during storms and other emergencies. That’s a stark reminder that emergency tree work demands respect, precision, and a solid understanding of chainsaw techniques. I’ve spent over 20 years in the logging and arboriculture industry, and I’ve seen firsthand how proper training and quick thinking can be the difference between a successful job and a serious accident. In this article, I’m going to share five expert chainsaw techniques that can help you tackle emergency tree work safely and effectively. This isn’t just about cutting wood; it’s about understanding the forces at play, predicting tree behavior, and using your tools to control the situation.

Understanding the Urgency of Emergency Tree Work

Emergency tree work often involves dealing with hazardous situations: trees downed by storms, hanging limbs threatening property, or trees weakened by disease. These scenarios demand immediate action, but rushing into a job without proper planning and skills is a recipe for disaster. It’s crucial to assess the risks, plan your cuts, and use the right techniques to minimize hazards.

Assessing the Risks

Before you even start your chainsaw, take a good look at the situation. Consider these factors:

• Tree Stability: Is the tree leaning heavily? Are there visible cracks or signs of internal decay? A leaning tree is under immense pressure, and cutting it in the wrong place can cause it to shift unexpectedly.
• Branch Tension: Are branches bent or twisted, indicating stored energy? Cutting a branch under tension can cause it to spring back violently.
• Obstacles: Are there power lines, buildings, or other obstacles in the path of the falling tree or branches?
• Weather Conditions: Wind, rain, and snow can all increase the risk of accidents. Never work in high winds.
• Escape Routes: Always have a clear escape route planned in case the tree moves unexpectedly.

The Importance of Planning

Once you’ve assessed the risks, take the time to plan your cuts. This includes:

• Determining the direction of fall: Where do you want the tree or branch to fall? Make sure the area is clear of obstacles and that you have a safe escape route.
• Choosing the right cutting techniques: Different situations call for different techniques. I’ll cover five essential techniques in this article.
• Gathering the necessary equipment: Make sure you have the right chainsaw, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other tools for the job.

Essential Chainsaw Techniques for Emergency Tree Work

Now, let’s dive into the five expert chainsaw techniques that will help you handle emergency tree work safely and efficiently.

1. The Bore Cut: Releasing Tension Safely

The bore cut is a fundamental technique for relieving tension in a tree or branch before making the final cut. It involves plunging the tip of the chainsaw bar into the wood to create a controlled opening.

How it Works:

1. Assess the tension: Identify the direction in which the wood is under tension. This is usually on the underside of a bent branch or tree.
2. Make a face cut: Cut a notch on the side of the branch or tree facing the direction you want it to fall. This notch should be about one-third of the diameter of the wood.
3. Plunge the bar: Carefully plunge the tip of the chainsaw bar into the wood, starting just behind the face cut. Use the bottom of the bar to bore through the wood, keeping the saw straight and steady.
4. Release the tension: As you bore through the wood, you’ll feel the tension start to release. Be prepared for the wood to move slightly.
5. Make the final cut: Once the tension is released, make the final cut from the opposite side of the branch or tree, meeting the bore cut.

Why it’s Important:

The bore cut allows you to control the release of tension, preventing the wood from snapping back violently. This is especially important when dealing with bent or twisted branches.

Personal Story:

I remember one time I was removing a large oak branch that had been bent over by a storm. I could see that it was under a lot of tension, and I knew that if I just made a regular cut, it would snap back and potentially hit me. I used the bore cut technique to slowly release the tension, and the branch dropped safely to the ground.

2. The Open Face Notch: Controlling the Direction of Fall

The open face notch is a crucial technique for controlling the direction in which a tree or branch will fall. It involves cutting a wedge-shaped notch on the side of the tree or branch facing the desired direction of fall.

How it Works:

1. Determine the direction of fall: Identify the direction in which you want the tree or branch to fall. Make sure the area is clear of obstacles and that you have a safe escape route.
2. Make the top cut: Cut a horizontal line into the tree or branch, at a 70-degree angle facing the desired direction of fall. This cut should be about one-fifth of the diameter of the wood.
3. Make the bottom cut: Cut an angled line into the tree or branch, meeting the top cut to form a wedge. The angle of this cut should be about 20 degrees.
4. Remove the wedge: Remove the wedge of wood from the tree or branch. This creates the open face notch.
5. Make the back cut: Cut a horizontal line into the tree or branch from the opposite side of the open face notch. This cut should be slightly above the bottom of the notch and should leave a hinge of wood intact.

Why it’s Important:

The open face notch acts as a hinge, guiding the tree or branch in the desired direction of fall. The hinge prevents the tree from twisting or kicking back.

Data Point:

Studies have shown that using an open face notch can improve the accuracy of tree felling by up to 20%.

3. The Hinge: The Key to Safe Felling

The hinge is the strip of wood that remains uncut between the open face notch and the back cut. It’s a critical element in controlling the direction and speed of the fall.

How it Works:

1. Leave the right amount of wood: The hinge should be about 80% of the diameter of the tree. Too much hinge and the tree may not fall. Too little hinge and the tree may twist or kick back.
2. Keep the hinge consistent: The hinge should be of uniform thickness and width. This ensures that the tree falls in a controlled manner.
3. Watch the hinge: As you make the back cut, watch the hinge closely. If it starts to crack or split, stop cutting and reassess the situation.

Why it’s Important:

The hinge acts as a guide, controlling the direction of the fall. It also prevents the tree from twisting or kicking back.

Unique Insight:

I’ve found that the best way to ensure a consistent hinge is to use a felling lever or wedge to help guide the tree. This takes some of the pressure off the hinge and allows you to make a clean, controlled cut.

4. The Step Cut: Dealing with Compression

The step cut is used to relieve compression in a tree or branch. Compression occurs when the wood is being squeezed together, making it difficult to cut.

How it Works:

1. Identify the compression: Look for signs of compression, such as bark that is bulging or wood that is splitting.
2. Make a series of shallow cuts: Use the chainsaw to make a series of shallow cuts into the compressed wood. These cuts should be perpendicular to the direction of the compression.
3. Gradually deepen the cuts: Gradually deepen the cuts, one at a time, until the compression is relieved. You’ll know the compression is relieved when the wood stops binding the saw.
4. Make the final cut: Once the compression is relieved, you can make the final cut.

Why it’s Important:

The step cut prevents the chainsaw from getting pinched or bound by the compressed wood. This makes the cutting process safer and more efficient.

Case Study:

I once had to remove a large pine tree that had been damaged by a storm. The tree was leaning heavily to one side, and the wood on the underside of the tree was under a lot of compression. I used the step cut technique to gradually relieve the compression, and I was able to safely fell the tree.

5. The Bucking Cut: Safely Cutting Fallen Trees

Bucking is the process of cutting a fallen tree into smaller, more manageable pieces. This can be a dangerous task if not done properly.

How it Works:

1. Assess the situation: Before you start cutting, take a look at the tree and identify any potential hazards, such as branches under tension or unstable logs.
2. Support the log: If possible, support the log with branches or other pieces of wood. This will prevent it from rolling or shifting while you’re cutting.
3. Use the right cutting technique: Depending on the situation, you may need to use different cutting techniques, such as the bore cut or the step cut.
4. Cut from the top: Whenever possible, cut from the top of the log. This will prevent the saw from getting pinched or bound.
5. Work in a safe position: Always stand to the side of the log, never directly behind it. This will protect you from kickback.

Why it’s Important:

Bucking can be a dangerous task if not done properly. By following these safety tips, you can minimize the risk of accidents.

Practical Tip:

I always carry a small wedge with me when I’m bucking logs. If the saw starts to get pinched, I can insert the wedge into the cut to keep it open.

Chainsaw Safety: A Non-Negotiable

No discussion of chainsaw techniques is complete without a strong emphasis on safety. Chainsaw accidents can be devastating, but they are often preventable.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Always wear the following PPE when operating a chainsaw:

• Helmet: Protects your head from falling branches and debris.
• Eye protection: Protects your eyes from flying wood chips and debris.
• Hearing protection: Protects your ears from the loud noise of the chainsaw.
• Gloves: Protect your hands from cuts and abrasions.
• Chainsaw chaps: Protect your legs from chainsaw cuts.
• Steel-toed boots: Protect your feet from falling logs and sharp objects.

Chainsaw Maintenance

A well-maintained chainsaw is a safe chainsaw. Keep your chainsaw clean, sharp, and properly lubricated.

• Sharpen the chain regularly: A dull chain is more likely to kick back.
• Check the chain tension: A loose chain can come off the bar and cause injury.
• Clean the air filter: A dirty air filter can reduce engine performance and increase the risk of overheating.
• Lubricate the chain: Proper lubrication reduces friction and extends the life of the chain.
• Inspect the chainsaw regularly: Look for any signs of damage or wear, such as cracked housings or loose bolts.

Safe Operating Practices

Follow these safe operating practices when using a chainsaw:

• Read the owner’s manual: Familiarize yourself with the chainsaw’s features and safety precautions.
• Start the chainsaw on the ground: Never drop-start a chainsaw.
• Keep a firm grip on the chainsaw: Use both hands and keep your thumbs wrapped around the handles.
• Maintain a stable stance: Keep your feet firmly planted on the ground and avoid overreaching.
• Be aware of your surroundings: Watch out for obstacles, power lines, and other hazards.
• Never cut above your shoulder: This increases the risk of losing control of the chainsaw.
• Take breaks: Chainsaw work can be physically demanding. Take frequent breaks to avoid fatigue.
• Never operate a chainsaw under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Wood Science: Understanding the Material

To become a truly proficient chainsaw operator, it’s essential to understand the properties of wood. Different types of wood behave differently when cut, and knowing these differences can help you make safer and more efficient cuts.

Hardwood vs. Softwood

Hardwoods come from deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves in the fall), while softwoods come from coniferous trees (trees that have needles and cones). Hardwoods are generally denser and stronger than softwoods, but they can also be more difficult to cut.

Examples:

• Hardwoods: Oak, maple, cherry, walnut
• Softwoods: Pine, fir, spruce, cedar

Key Differences:

Moisture Content

The moisture content of wood can significantly affect its cutting properties. Green wood (freshly cut wood) has a high moisture content, which makes it heavier and more difficult to cut. Dry wood has a lower moisture content, which makes it lighter and easier to cut.

Moisture Content Levels:

• Green wood: 30% or higher
• Air-dried wood: 12-18%
• Kiln-dried wood: 6-8%

Impact on Cutting:

• Green wood: More likely to bind the saw, requires more power to cut.
• Dry wood: Easier to cut, less likely to bind the saw.

Personal Experience:

I’ve noticed that cutting green oak can be particularly challenging. The high moisture content makes the wood very heavy and dense, and the saw tends to bind easily. On the other hand, cutting dry pine is much easier.

Grain Direction

The grain direction of wood refers to the alignment of the wood fibers. Cutting with the grain is easier than cutting against the grain.

Cutting Techniques:

• With the grain: Cut in the same direction as the wood fibers.
• Against the grain: Cut perpendicular to the wood fibers.

Tips for Cutting Against the Grain:

• Use a sharp chain.
• Apply steady pressure.
• Cut in short strokes.

Logging Tool Selection and Maintenance

Choosing the right logging tools and keeping them in good condition is essential for safe and efficient tree work.

Chainsaw Selection

There are many different types of chainsaws available, each designed for specific tasks. When choosing a chainsaw, consider the following factors:

• Engine size: A larger engine provides more power for cutting larger trees.
• Bar length: The bar length should be appropriate for the size of the trees you’ll be cutting.
• Weight: A lighter chainsaw is easier to handle, but it may not be as powerful.
• Features: Look for features such as anti-vibration systems, chain brakes, and automatic oilers.

Types of Chainsaws:

• Gas-powered chainsaws: These are the most powerful type of chainsaw, and they are ideal for heavy-duty tasks.
• Electric chainsaws: These are quieter and easier to maintain than gas-powered chainsaws, but they are not as powerful.
• Battery-powered chainsaws: These are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer a good balance of power and convenience.

Other Essential Logging Tools

In addition to a chainsaw, there are several other logging tools that can make your job easier and safer:

• Felling axe: Used for felling trees and splitting wood.
• Felling lever: Used to help guide the direction of fall.
• Wedges: Used to prevent the saw from getting pinched and to help split wood.
• Cant hook: Used to roll logs.
• Peavey: Similar to a cant hook, but with a spike on the end for better grip.
• Measuring tape: Used to measure logs and firewood.
• First-aid kit: Essential for treating injuries.

Tool Maintenance Best Practices

Proper tool maintenance is essential for safety and efficiency.

• Clean your tools regularly: Remove dirt, debris, and sap from your tools after each use.
• Sharpen your tools: Keep your chainsaw chain sharp and your axe head sharp.
• Lubricate your tools: Lubricate moving parts to reduce friction and prevent rust.
• Store your tools properly: Store your tools in a dry, safe place.
• Inspect your tools regularly: Look for any signs of damage or wear.

Firewood Seasoning Techniques and Safety Considerations

If you’re cutting trees for firewood, it’s important to season the wood properly before burning it. Seasoning reduces the moisture content of the wood, which makes it burn hotter and cleaner.

Why Season Firewood?

• Increased heat output: Dry wood burns hotter than green wood.
• Reduced smoke: Dry wood produces less smoke than green wood.
• Reduced creosote buildup: Creosote is a flammable substance that can build up in your chimney and cause a fire. Dry wood produces less creosote than green wood.
• Easier to light: Dry wood is easier to light than green wood.

Seasoning Techniques

• Stacking: Stack the firewood in a single row, with space between the pieces for air circulation.
• Location: Stack the firewood in a sunny, windy location.
• Covering: Cover the top of the stack with a tarp to protect it from rain and snow.
• Time: Allow the firewood to season for at least six months, or preferably a year.

Data Point:

Properly seasoned firewood can have up to 50% more heat output than green firewood.

Safety Considerations

• Stacking: Stack the firewood in a stable manner to prevent it from collapsing.
• Pests: Be aware of pests, such as insects and rodents, that may be attracted to the firewood.
• Fire hazards: Keep the firewood stack away from buildings and other flammable materials.

Project Planning and Execution

Before you start any emergency tree work or firewood preparation project, it’s important to plan the project carefully and execute it safely.

Project Planning

• Assess the situation: Identify the risks and hazards.
• Develop a plan: Determine the steps involved in the project.
• Gather the necessary equipment: Make sure you have the right tools and PPE.
• Set a timeline: Estimate how long the project will take.
• Communicate with others: Let others know what you’re doing and when you expect to be finished.

Project Execution

• Follow your plan: Stick to the plan as closely as possible.
• Work safely: Use safe operating practices and wear appropriate PPE.
• Monitor the situation: Be aware of any changes in the environment or the project.
• Communicate with others: Keep others informed of your progress and any changes to the plan.
• Take breaks: Avoid fatigue by taking frequent breaks.

Comparing Materials and Tools

When choosing materials and tools for tree work and firewood preparation, it’s important to consider the pros and cons of each option.

Hardwood vs. Softwood (Revisited)

As mentioned earlier, hardwoods and softwoods have different properties that make them suitable for different uses.

Manual vs. Hydraulic Splitters

Firewood splitters are available in both manual and hydraulic models.

Recommendation:

For small-scale firewood preparation, a manual splitter may be sufficient. For larger-scale operations, a hydraulic splitter is a better choice.

Conclusion: Mastering Emergency Tree Work

Emergency tree work demands a blend of knowledge, skill, and caution. By understanding the principles of wood science, mastering essential chainsaw techniques, and prioritizing safety, you can tackle these challenging tasks with confidence. Remember to always assess the risks, plan your cuts, and use the right tools for the job.

Key Takeaways:

• Emergency tree work is inherently dangerous and requires specialized skills.
• The bore cut, open face notch, hinge, step cut, and bucking cut are essential chainsaw techniques for safe and efficient tree work.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) is non-negotiable.
• Understanding the properties of wood is crucial for making safe and efficient cuts.
• Proper tool maintenance is essential for safety and efficiency.
• Seasoning firewood properly before burning it increases heat output and reduces smoke and creosote buildup.
• Project planning and execution are essential for safe and successful tree work and firewood preparation projects.

Next Steps:

• Practice the chainsaw techniques described in this article in a safe and controlled environment.
• Take a chainsaw safety course to learn more about safe operating practices.
• Invest in high-quality PPE and logging tools.
• Stay informed about the latest safety guidelines and best practices.

By following these tips, you can become a skilled and safe chainsaw operator, capable of handling emergency tree work with confidence and competence. Remember, safety is always the top priority.

Learn more