Elm Logs for Sale: Estimating Volume & Value (3 Pro Tips)

Elm Logs for Sale: Estimating Volume & Value (3 Pro Tips)

Introduction: Affordable Elm – A Logger’s Best-Kept Secret

As a seasoned logger and firewood aficionado, I’ve seen trends come and go, but one thing remains constant: the demand for affordable, reliable firewood. And that’s where elm often shines. Too often, it’s overlooked, branded as “difficult” or “not worth the effort.” But I’m here to tell you that with the right knowledge and techniques, elm logs can be a fantastic resource, both for your own heating needs and as a viable income stream. This guide is all about unlocking the potential of elm, focusing on how to accurately estimate volume, assess its value, and turn these underappreciated logs into a profitable venture. I’ll share my firsthand experiences, data-backed insights, and practical tips, so you can approach elm logs with confidence and get the most bang for your buck.

1. Understanding Elm: Species, Properties, and Challenges

Before diving into volume and value, it’s crucial to understand what we’re dealing with. Elm isn’t just one type of wood; it’s a genus ( Ulmus) with various species, each possessing unique characteristics.

• American Elm (Ulmus americana): Once a dominant tree across North America, the American elm has been decimated by Dutch elm disease. When healthy, it’s known for its strong, interlocking grain and moderate density.
• Red Elm/Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra): This species is slightly softer than American elm and has a characteristic mucilaginous inner bark, hence the “slippery” name. It’s more resistant to Dutch elm disease than its American cousin.
• Rock Elm (Ulmus thomasii): The hardest and densest of the North American elms, rock elm is prized for its strength and shock resistance. It’s less common than the other two.
• European White Elm (Ulmus laevis): A European species known for its flood tolerance.

Key Properties & Challenges:

• Density: Elm’s density varies depending on the species, but it generally falls in the moderate range (around 35-45 lbs/cu ft when dry). This means it burns relatively hot and long, but not as long as denser hardwoods like oak or maple.
• Grain: The interlocking grain of elm makes it tough to split by hand, hence the “difficult” reputation. However, this same grain makes it resistant to splitting and warping once dried, a major advantage for firewood.
• Moisture Content: Freshly cut elm can have a very high moisture content (upwards of 60-70%). This requires a longer drying time before it’s suitable for burning.
• Dutch Elm Disease: This fungal disease, spread by bark beetles, is a major threat to elm populations. Affected trees often die standing, leading to dry, seasoned wood but also potential rot and decay.

My Experience:

I remember one particularly frustrating winter where I underestimated the drying time for a batch of American elm. I had stacked it optimistically, thinking a few months would suffice. Come December, I was struggling to get a decent fire going. The wood hissed and sputtered, producing more smoke than heat. Lesson learned: moisture content is king, especially with elm.

2. Pro Tip #1: Mastering Log Volume Estimation

Accurately estimating log volume is crucial for determining a fair price, whether you’re buying or selling. Here are several methods, ranging from basic to advanced:

• The Doyle Log Scale: This is one of the oldest and most widely used log scales in North America. While it tends to underestimate the volume of smaller logs, it’s still a common benchmark. The formula is:

  Volume (board feet) = (Small end diameter in inches – 4)2 * Length in feet / 16

  Example: A log with a small end diameter of 12 inches and a length of 10 feet would be:

  (12 – 4)2 * 10 / 16 = 40 board feet * The Scribner Log Scale: This scale is considered more accurate than the Doyle scale, especially for smaller logs. It accounts for taper and saw kerf (the width of the saw cut). Scribner tables are readily available online or in forestry handbooks. * The International 1/4-inch Log Scale: This is generally considered the most accurate log scale, as it best reflects the actual lumber yield. It accounts for taper, saw kerf, and shrinkage during drying. Like the Scribner scale, tables are available for reference. * Cord Measurement: For firewood, volume is often measured in cords. A standard cord is a stack of wood measuring 4 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long, totaling 128 cubic feet. However, the actual amount of solid wood in a cord varies depending on the log diameter and how tightly the wood is stacked. * Board Foot to Cord Conversion: A cord of wood roughly equates to 500 board feet, but this is a very rough estimate. The actual conversion factor depends on the average log diameter and how efficiently the wood is processed. * Weight Estimation: Another method is to estimate the weight of the elm logs. For green elm, a cubic foot may weigh around 50-60 pounds depending on the moisture content. After drying, this can drop to 35-45 pounds per cubic foot. Weighing a sample log and then extrapolating can provide a reasonable estimate.

Data Point:

• Research Study: A study by the University of Minnesota Extension found that the Doyle log scale underestimated the volume of logs under 16 inches in diameter by an average of 20%. This highlights the importance of using a more accurate scale like Scribner or International for smaller elm logs.

Practical Tips:

• Measure Accurately: Use a diameter tape (D-tape) to accurately measure the small end diameter of the log. This is the narrowest point on the log, excluding bark.
• Account for Defects: Deduct for any rot, knots, or other defects that will reduce the usable volume of the log.
• Use a Log Scale Calculator: Several online log scale calculators are available. These tools can quickly calculate the volume based on your measurements.
• Take Multiple Measurements: For irregularly shaped logs, take multiple diameter measurements and average them.

My Experience:

I once bought a pile of elm logs based solely on a visual estimate. I thought I was getting a great deal. Turns out, the logs were shorter and thinner than I initially perceived. I ended up with significantly less wood than I paid for. This taught me the importance of meticulous measurement and using a reliable log scale.

3. Pro Tip #2: Assessing Elm Wood Value – Quality and Market Factors

Determining the value of elm logs involves considering several factors, including wood quality, market demand, and local pricing.

• Wood Quality:
  • Species: As mentioned earlier, different elm species have different properties. Rock elm, being the densest and strongest, generally commands a higher price than red or American elm.
  • Condition: Look for logs that are free from rot, decay, insect damage, and excessive knots. The presence of Dutch elm disease can significantly reduce the value, especially if the wood is heavily decayed.
  • Straightness: Straight logs are easier to process and yield more usable lumber or firewood. Crooked or bowed logs are less desirable.
  • Size: Larger diameter logs generally fetch a higher price per board foot or cord, as they yield more usable material.
• Market Demand:
  • Firewood Market: The demand for firewood varies depending on the region, climate, and availability of other fuel sources. In colder climates with limited access to natural gas or heating oil, the demand for firewood is typically higher.
  • Lumber Market: Elm lumber is used for a variety of applications, including furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and veneer. The demand for elm lumber depends on current market trends and the availability of other hardwoods.
  • Specialty Markets: Elm is also used for specialty products like hockey sticks (rock elm) and musical instruments. These niche markets can offer higher prices for high-quality elm logs.
• Local Pricing:
  • Check Local Advertisements: Look for local advertisements for elm logs or firewood to get an idea of the prevailing prices in your area.
  • Contact Local Sawmills: Contact local sawmills to inquire about their current prices for elm logs.
  • Consult with Forestry Professionals: Consult with local forestry professionals or extension agents to get an informed assessment of the value of your elm logs.
• Moisture Content & Seasoning:
  • Green vs. Seasoned: Green (unseasoned) elm logs are typically sold at a lower price than seasoned logs, as they require time and effort to dry.
  • Kiln-Dried: Kiln-dried elm lumber commands the highest price, as it has a consistent moisture content and is ready for immediate use.

Data Point:

• Price Comparison: According to a recent survey of firewood prices across the United States, a cord of seasoned hardwood firewood (including elm) typically sells for $150-$300, depending on the region and species. However, elm often falls at the lower end of this range due to its perceived difficulty in splitting.

Practical Tips:

• Take Photos: Take clear photos of your elm logs to showcase their quality and size.
• Provide Detailed Information: Provide detailed information about the species, dimensions, and condition of the logs.
• Be Realistic: Be realistic about the value of your elm logs. Don’t overprice them, or you’ll have a hard time finding a buyer.
• Negotiate:* Be prepared to negotiate the price with potential buyers.

My Experience:

I once sold a load of elm logs to a local woodworker who specialized in making rustic furniture. He was particularly interested in the unique grain patterns and natural imperfections in the elm, which added character to his pieces. I was able to get a higher price than I would have selling the logs for firewood. This taught me the importance of finding the right market for your wood.

4. Pro Tip #3: Efficient Processing – Chainsaws, Splitters, and Safety

Processing elm logs efficiently and safely requires the right tools and techniques. Given elm’s reputation for being difficult to split, this is especially crucial.

• Chainsaws:

  • Size and Power: A chainsaw with a 18-20 inch bar and a 50-60cc engine is generally sufficient for processing most elm logs. For larger diameter logs (over 24 inches), a larger saw may be necessary.
  • Chain Type: Use a sharp, aggressive chain designed for hardwood cutting. A full chisel chain will cut faster, but it dulls more quickly than a semi-chisel chain.
  • Maintenance: Keep your chainsaw properly maintained by sharpening the chain regularly, cleaning the air filter, and checking the fuel and oil levels.

  • Calibration: Calibrate the carburetor according to the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure optimal performance and fuel efficiency. A properly calibrated chainsaw will cut more smoothly and reduce the risk of kickback.

  • Data Point: A study by Oregon State University found that a dull chainsaw chain can reduce cutting efficiency by as much as 50% and increase the risk of kickback.

• Log Splitters:

  • Hydraulic Splitters: A hydraulic log splitter is essential for processing elm logs efficiently. A splitter with a 20-25 ton splitting force is generally sufficient for most elm.
  • Manual Splitters: Manual log splitters (splitting mauls or wedges) can be used for smaller logs, but they are much more labor-intensive.
  • Kinetic Splitters: These splitters use a flywheel to generate splitting force, offering faster cycle times than hydraulic splitters.
• Safety Equipment:
  • Eye Protection: Wear safety glasses or a face shield to protect your eyes from flying debris.
  • Hearing Protection: Wear earplugs or earmuffs to protect your hearing from the loud noise of the chainsaw and log splitter.
  • Gloves: Wear heavy-duty work gloves to protect your hands from cuts and splinters.
  • Steel-Toed Boots: Wear steel-toed boots to protect your feet from falling logs.
  • Chaps: Wear chainsaw chaps to protect your legs from accidental chainsaw contact.
  • Helmet: Wear a helmet to protect your head from falling branches or logs.
• Splitting Techniques:
  • Read the Grain: Before splitting a log, carefully examine the grain to identify any natural splitting lines.
  • Start with the Edges: Start by splitting off the edges of the log, working your way towards the center.
  • Use Wedges: If a log is particularly difficult to split, use wedges to help break it apart.
  • Consider a Wood Grenade: For very tough logs, a “wood grenade” (a specialized splitting tool) can be highly effective.

My Experience:

I learned the hard way about the importance of chainsaw safety. I was cutting a large elm log when the chainsaw kicked back, narrowly missing my leg. Fortunately, I was wearing chainsaw chaps, which absorbed the impact and prevented a serious injury. From that day on, I always made sure to wear proper safety gear and follow safe cutting practices.

Technical Requirements:

• Chainsaw Calibration Standards: According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), chainsaws should be calibrated annually or after any major repair. Calibration involves adjusting the carburetor to ensure optimal fuel-air mixture and idle speed.
• Hydraulic Log Splitter Specifications: Hydraulic log splitters should meet the safety standards outlined in ANSI B71.6, which includes requirements for guarding, controls, and stability.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards: All PPE should meet the relevant ANSI standards. For example, safety glasses should meet ANSI Z87.1, and chainsaw chaps should meet ASTM F1897.

Practical Tips:

• Sharpen Your Chain Regularly: A sharp chain will cut more efficiently and reduce the risk of kickback.
• Use the Right Splitting Technique: Reading the grain and starting with the edges can make splitting elm logs much easier.
• Take Breaks: Processing firewood can be physically demanding. Take frequent breaks to avoid fatigue and prevent injuries.
• Work with a Partner: Working with a partner can make the job safer and more efficient.

5. Drying and Seasoning Elm Firewood

Properly drying and seasoning elm firewood is crucial for maximizing its heat output and minimizing smoke production.

• Moisture Content Goals:
  • Ideal Moisture Content: The ideal moisture content for firewood is between 15% and 20%. At this level, the wood will burn efficiently and produce minimal smoke.
  • Green Wood Moisture Content: Freshly cut elm can have a moisture content of 60% or higher.
• Drying Methods:
  • Air Drying: Air drying is the most common method for drying firewood. It involves stacking the wood in a well-ventilated area and allowing it to dry naturally over time.
  • Kiln Drying: Kiln drying is a faster method that involves placing the wood in a heated kiln to remove moisture. Kiln-dried firewood is typically more expensive than air-dried firewood.
• Stacking Techniques:
  • Elevate the Wood: Stack the wood on pallets or other elevated surfaces to allow for air circulation underneath.
  • Leave Space Between Rows: Leave space between rows of wood to allow for air circulation.
  • Cover the Top: Cover the top of the woodpile with a tarp to protect it from rain and snow.
  • Stack in a Single Row: If you have limited space, stack the wood in a single row to maximize air exposure.
• Drying Time:
  • Typical Drying Time: The drying time for elm firewood varies depending on the climate, stacking method, and log size. In general, it takes at least 6-12 months for elm to dry properly.
  • Accelerated Drying: To accelerate the drying process, consider splitting the wood into smaller pieces and stacking it in a sunny, windy location.
• Measuring Moisture Content:
  • Moisture Meter: Use a moisture meter to accurately measure the moisture content of the wood. Insert the probes of the meter into a freshly split piece of wood.
  • Visual Inspection: You can also estimate the moisture content by visually inspecting the wood. Dry wood will be lighter in color and have cracks in the end grain.
  • Sound Test: Dry wood will also produce a hollow sound when struck, while green wood will produce a dull thud.

Data Point:

• Drying Rate: A study by the University of Wisconsin Extension found that air-drying firewood in a sunny, windy location can reduce the drying time by as much as 50% compared to drying it in a shaded, sheltered location.

Technical Requirements:

• Wood Moisture Content Standards: According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), firewood should have a moisture content of no more than 25% to be considered safe for indoor burning.
• Recommended Stacking Practices: The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service recommends stacking firewood in a single row, elevated off the ground, and covered with a tarp to promote proper drying.

My Experience:

I once sold a load of “seasoned” elm firewood that turned out to be still quite green. The customer was understandably unhappy when he tried to burn it and it produced more smoke than heat. I learned a valuable lesson about the importance of accurately measuring moisture content and being honest with customers about the quality of your firewood.

Practical Tips:

• Start Early: Start drying your firewood well in advance of the heating season.
• Monitor Moisture Content Regularly: Check the moisture content of your firewood regularly to ensure that it is drying properly.
• Store Dry Firewood Properly: Once the firewood is dry, store it in a dry, well-ventilated location to prevent it from reabsorbing moisture.

6. Common Challenges and Solutions

Working with elm presents unique challenges. Here’s how to tackle them:

• Splitting Difficulty:
  • Challenge: Elm’s interlocking grain makes it notoriously difficult to split, especially by hand.
  • Solution: Invest in a hydraulic log splitter. Consider a kinetic splitter for faster cycle times. Use wedges to help break apart particularly tough logs. Split from the edges towards the center. Consider using a “wood grenade” type splitter.
• Dutch Elm Disease:
  • Challenge: Dutch elm disease can weaken the wood and make it more susceptible to rot.
  • Solution: Inspect logs carefully for signs of decay. Avoid using wood from heavily infected trees. If using wood from a diseased tree, ensure it is thoroughly dried to prevent further decay.
• Slow Drying Time:
  • Challenge: Elm’s high moisture content requires a longer drying time than many other hardwoods.
  • Solution: Split the wood into smaller pieces. Stack it in a sunny, windy location. Elevate the wood off the ground. Cover the top of the pile with a tarp.
• Finding a Market:
  • Challenge: Elm is not always as highly valued as other hardwoods, making it challenging to find a buyer.
  • Solution: Target niche markets, such as woodworkers who appreciate elm’s unique grain patterns. Offer competitive pricing. Highlight the benefits of elm firewood, such as its long burn time and resistance to warping.
• Tool Wear:
  • Challenge: Elm’s density can accelerate wear on chainsaw chains and log splitter blades.
  • Solution: Sharpen chainsaw chains frequently. Use high-quality, hardened steel blades on your log splitter.

My Experience:

I once had a batch of elm logs that were heavily infested with bark beetles, a telltale sign of Dutch elm disease. I initially thought I could salvage the wood, but after splitting a few logs, I realized the extent of the damage. The wood was riddled with tunnels and decay. I ended up having to discard the entire batch, a costly lesson in the importance of proper inspection.

7. Case Study: Elm Firewood Project – A Detailed Analysis

Let’s examine a real-world case study to illustrate the process of sourcing, processing, and selling elm firewood.

• Project Overview:

  • Location: Northern Minnesota
  • Goal: To harvest and sell 10 cords of seasoned elm firewood.
  • Elm Source: Dutch elm disease-affected trees on private property.

  • Phase 1: Sourcing and Harvesting

  • Log Acquisition: Negotiated a price of $50 per cord for standing elm trees.
  • Tree Felling: Used a 20-inch chainsaw with a full chisel chain to fell the trees.
  • Limbing and Bucking: Limbing was performed with the chainsaw. Logs were bucked into 16-inch lengths for firewood.
  • Safety Measures: Wore full PPE, including helmet, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, steel-toed boots, and chainsaw chaps.

  • Phase 2: Processing

  • Splitting: Used a 22-ton hydraulic log splitter to split the logs. Some larger logs required the use of wedges.

  • Stacking: Stacked the split wood in a single row, elevated on pallets, and covered with a tarp.

  • Phase 3: Drying and Seasoning

  • Drying Time: Allowed the wood to dry for 12 months.

  • Moisture Content Monitoring: Used a moisture meter to monitor the moisture content. The target moisture content was 18%.

  • Phase 4: Sales and Marketing

  • Pricing: Priced the seasoned elm firewood at $200 per cord.

  • Marketing: Advertised the firewood online and in local newspapers.
  • Sales: Sold all 10 cords of firewood within two months.

  • Financial Analysis:

  • Revenue: 10 cords x $200/cord = $2000

  • Expenses:
    • Log Acquisition: $50/cord x 10 cords = $500
    • Chainsaw Fuel and Oil: $100
    • Log Splitter Fuel: $50
    • Advertising: $50
    • Pallets and Tarp: $100
    • Total Expenses: $800
  • Profit: $2000 – $800 = $1200

  • Lessons Learned:

  • Accurate Moisture Content Measurement is Crucial: Ensuring the firewood was properly seasoned was key to customer satisfaction.
  • Effective Marketing is Essential: Advertising in multiple channels helped reach a wider audience.
  • Proper Safety Measures Prevent Accidents: Wearing full PPE prevented any injuries during the project.

Technical Details:

• Chainsaw Chain Sharpening: The chainsaw chain was sharpened every 2-3 hours of use using a file and guide.
• Log Splitter Maintenance: The hydraulic log splitter was serviced after 50 hours of use, including changing the hydraulic fluid and lubricating the moving parts.
• Moisture Meter Calibration: The moisture meter was calibrated before each use using a calibration block.

8. Future Trends in Elm Wood Utilization

The future of elm wood utilization looks promising, with increasing interest in its unique properties and sustainable applications.

• Biofuel Production: Elm wood can be used as a feedstock for biofuel production, offering a renewable energy source.
• Engineered Wood Products: Elm can be used to manufacture engineered wood products like laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), providing strong and sustainable building materials.
• Urban Wood Utilization: With increasing urbanization, there is a growing interest in utilizing urban trees, including elm, that are removed due to construction or disease.
• Restoration Forestry: Elm is being used in restoration forestry projects to re-establish native tree species in areas affected by Dutch elm disease.
• Specialty Wood Products: Elm’s unique grain patterns and durability make it suitable for specialty wood products like furniture, cabinetry, and musical instruments.

9. Conclusion: Elm – An Underappreciated Resource Worth Exploring

Elm logs may not always be the easiest to work with, but their affordability, durability, and unique characteristics make them a valuable resource for firewood production, lumber, and various specialty applications. By understanding the properties of elm, mastering log volume estimation, assessing wood value accurately, and employing efficient processing techniques, you can unlock the hidden potential of this often-overlooked wood. Remember to prioritize safety, stay informed about market trends, and adapt your approach to the specific challenges and opportunities presented by each elm log. With a little knowledge and effort, you can turn elm into a profitable and sustainable venture. Don’t let the “difficult” reputation scare you away. Embrace the challenge, and you’ll be rewarded with a versatile and affordable wood that can heat your home, build your business, and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Learn more