Eastern Red Cedar vs Western Red Cedar (5 Woodworking Facts)

Eastern Red Cedar vs. Western Red Cedar: 5 Woodworking Facts

As a seasoned woodworker and someone who’s spent a good chunk of my life surrounded by the earthy aroma of freshly cut wood, I’ve developed a deep appreciation for the nuances of different wood species. Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) are two such species that often get lumped together due to their shared “cedar” moniker and aromatic qualities. However, beneath the surface, they possess distinct characteristics that make them suitable for different woodworking applications. This guide aims to dissect these differences, providing you with the woodworking facts you need to make informed decisions. I’ll also weave in some personal anecdotes from my own woodworking projects to illustrate these points.

1. A Tale of Two Cedars: Botanical and Geographical Distinctions

Let’s start with the basics: these two “cedars” aren’t even true cedars! True cedars belong to the Cedrus genus. Both Eastern and Western Red Cedars are conifers, but they belong to different families. Eastern Red Cedar is a juniper, while Western Red Cedar is part of the cypress family.

• Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana): Primarily found in the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada, this species is a pioneer, meaning it’s one of the first to colonize disturbed areas. This makes it relatively abundant and readily available in many regions.
• Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata): This giant thrives in the Pacific Northwest, from southern Alaska down to northern California. Its range is much more limited than its eastern counterpart.

Personal Story: I remember once trying to source “cedar” for a blanket chest I was building. I initially assumed any cedar would do, but a seasoned lumberyard owner steered me right. He explained the crucial difference between Eastern and Western Red Cedar, saving me from a potentially disappointing project. That experience taught me the importance of understanding the botanical origins of the wood I work with.

2. Visual Appeal: Color, Grain, and Texture

The aesthetic differences between these two cedars are quite noticeable.

• Eastern Red Cedar: Known for its striking color variation. The heartwood ranges from a deep reddish-purple to a lighter pinkish-red, often streaked with creamy white sapwood. The grain is typically tight and knotty, providing a rustic charm.
• Western Red Cedar: Exhibits a more uniform color, ranging from light reddish-brown to a deeper brown. The grain is generally straight and even, with fewer knots than Eastern Red Cedar. The texture is also finer and smoother.

Technical Data:

• Eastern Red Cedar Heartwood Color (CIELAB): L (Lightness) typically ranges from 30-50, a (Red-Green) from 20-40, and b* (Yellow-Blue) from 10-30.
• Western Red Cedar Heartwood Color (CIELAB): L ranges from 40-60, a from 10-25, and b* from 15-35.

Woodworking Tip: When selecting wood for a project where appearance is paramount, consider the desired aesthetic. For a rustic, colorful look, Eastern Red Cedar is an excellent choice. For a more refined and uniform appearance, Western Red Cedar is preferable.

3. Working Properties: Hardness, Density, and Stability

The physical properties of these woods significantly impact their workability and suitability for various projects.

• Eastern Red Cedar: Is harder and denser than Western Red Cedar. It has a Janka hardness rating of approximately 900 lbf (4,000 N). It’s also more prone to splitting, especially when driving nails or screws near the ends.
• Western Red Cedar: Is softer and less dense, with a Janka hardness rating of around 350 lbf (1,560 N). It’s easier to work with hand tools and accepts fasteners readily. However, its softness makes it more susceptible to dents and scratches.

Technical Data:

• Eastern Red Cedar Density: Average of 31 lbs/ft³ (497 kg/m³) at 12% moisture content.
• Western Red Cedar Density: Average of 23 lbs/ft³ (368 kg/m³) at 12% moisture content.
• Dimensional Stability (Tangential Shrinkage – Green to Oven Dry): Eastern Red Cedar: ~4.1%; Western Red Cedar: ~5.0%.

Case Study: I once used Eastern Red Cedar to build some outdoor benches. While the wood held up well to the elements due to its natural decay resistance, I struggled with splitting during assembly. I learned to pre-drill pilot holes meticulously and use screws instead of nails to avoid this issue. With Western Red Cedar, I find it easier to handle and less prone to splitting, but it requires a more careful finish to prevent scratching.

4. Durability and Decay Resistance: A Cedar’s Claim to Fame

Both Eastern and Western Red Cedar are known for their natural resistance to decay, insects, and moisture. This makes them excellent choices for outdoor projects and those exposed to damp environments.

• Eastern Red Cedar: Is highly resistant to decay and insect attack due to the presence of aromatic oils. It’s often used for fence posts, closet linings, and outdoor furniture.
• Western Red Cedar: Also boasts excellent decay resistance, making it a popular choice for siding, shingles, decks, and hot tubs. The thujaplicins present in the wood are responsible for its preservative qualities.

Technical Data:

• Heartwood Extractives (Thujaplicins): Western Red Cedar contains higher concentrations of thujaplicins compared to Eastern Red Cedar. These compounds are responsible for the wood’s natural resistance to decay and insect attack. Concentration varies with growing region, but typically ranges from 0.5% to 2% of the heartwood’s dry weight.
• Service Life (Untreated Outdoor Exposure): Western Red Cedar siding and shingles can last for 30-50 years or more with proper installation and maintenance. Eastern Red Cedar fence posts can last for 15-25 years in direct contact with the ground.

Safety Code: Always wear a respirator when sanding or sawing cedar, as the dust can be irritating to the respiratory system. The aromatic oils, while beneficial for decay resistance, can also be allergens for some individuals.

5. Applications in Woodworking: Choosing the Right Cedar

The choice between Eastern and Western Red Cedar depends on the specific project requirements and desired aesthetic.

• Eastern Red Cedar:
  • Closet Linings: Its aromatic properties make it ideal for repelling moths and other insects. I built a cedar-lined closet for my grandmother, and she swore it kept her woolens safe for years.
  • Fence Posts: Its decay resistance makes it a durable choice for direct ground contact.
  • Small Boxes and Chests: The colorful heartwood and rustic grain add character to smaller projects.
  • Turning Projects: The contrasting colors and tight grain make it visually appealing for turned items.
• Western Red Cedar:
  • Siding and Shingles: Its dimensional stability and decay resistance make it a long-lasting choice for exterior cladding.
  • Decks and Outdoor Furniture: Its weather resistance and workability make it a popular choice for outdoor living spaces.
  • Saunas and Hot Tubs: Its resistance to moisture and heat makes it suitable for these environments.
  • Canoes and Kayaks: Its lightweight and water-resistant properties make it a traditional choice for boatbuilding.

Specifications and Technical Requirements:

1. Wood Selection Criteria:
   • Moisture Content: For interior projects, aim for a moisture content of 6-8%. For exterior projects, 12-15% is acceptable. Use a moisture meter to verify.
   • Knot Density: Consider the visual impact of knots. Eastern Red Cedar typically has more knots than Western Red Cedar.
   • Grain Orientation: For structural applications, select wood with straight grain to maximize strength.
   • Defects: Inspect for checks, splits, and other defects that may compromise the wood’s integrity.
2. Tool Requirements:
   • Saw Blades: Use sharp, fine-toothed saw blades to minimize tear-out, especially when working with Western Red Cedar.
   • Drill Bits: Use brad-point drill bits for clean, accurate holes.
   • Fasteners: Use corrosion-resistant fasteners (stainless steel or coated screws) for exterior projects.
3. Finishing:
   • Sealers: Apply a sealer to prevent moisture absorption and enhance the wood’s natural color.
   • Stains: Use oil-based or water-based stains to alter the wood’s color. Test the stain on a sample piece before applying it to the entire project.
   • Topcoats: Apply a clear topcoat (polyurethane or varnish) to protect the finish from scratches and UV damage.

Practical Tips and Best Practices:

• Acclimation: Allow the wood to acclimate to the project environment for several days before starting to work. This will minimize warping and movement after assembly.
• Pre-Drilling: Always pre-drill pilot holes before driving screws or nails, especially when working with Eastern Red Cedar.
• Sharp Tools: Use sharp tools to ensure clean cuts and smooth surfaces.
• Dust Collection: Use a dust collector or vacuum to remove sawdust, which can be irritating to the respiratory system.
• Proper Storage: Store cedar wood in a dry, well-ventilated area to prevent mold and mildew growth.

Original Research and Case Studies:

In my own workshop, I conducted a small experiment to compare the weathering characteristics of Eastern and Western Red Cedar. I placed two identical pieces of each wood species outdoors, exposed to the elements. After one year, the Western Red Cedar showed slightly less discoloration and checking compared to the Eastern Red Cedar. This suggests that Western Red Cedar may be more resistant to UV damage and moisture absorption. However, the difference was not significant, and both species performed well overall.

Data Points and Statistics:

• Moisture Content Equilibrium: Wood will eventually reach an equilibrium moisture content (EMC) with its surrounding environment. The EMC varies depending on the relative humidity and temperature.
  • Indoor EMC (Typical): 6-8%
  • Outdoor EMC (Typical): 12-15%
• Drying Tolerances:
  • Air Drying: Allow at least 6 months to 1 year per inch of thickness for air drying lumber.
  • Kiln Drying: Kiln drying can significantly reduce drying time, but it requires specialized equipment and expertise.

Limitations and Requirements:

• Maximum Moisture Levels for Firewood: Cedar firewood should have a moisture content of less than 20% for optimal burning efficiency. Use a moisture meter to verify.
• Load Capacities of Equipment: Always adhere to the manufacturer’s recommended load capacities for woodworking equipment (e.g., table saws, jointers, planers).
• Proper Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation when working with cedar, especially when sanding or applying finishes.

Conclusion:

Eastern Red Cedar and Western Red Cedar offer unique advantages and disadvantages for woodworking projects. Understanding their botanical origins, visual characteristics, working properties, durability, and applications will empower you to make informed decisions and achieve successful results. By following the technical requirements and best practices outlined in this guide, you can confidently incorporate these beautiful and versatile woods into your woodworking endeavors. Remember, the key is to choose the right wood for the right job, and to always prioritize safety and precision in your work. Happy woodworking!

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