Barber Chairing Tree Causes Explained (Chainsaw Safety Tips)

In today’s world, we’re seeing a fascinating trend: a resurgence of interest in sustainable wood processing and responsible firewood preparation. People are becoming more aware of the importance of where their wood comes from, how it’s processed, and the impact it has on the environment. This isn’t just a passing fad; it’s a fundamental shift towards a more conscious and eco-friendly approach to using wood. And with that, comes a renewed focus on safety, especially when dealing with potentially dangerous situations like barber chairing trees. I’ve spent years in the industry, from felling trees in the backwoods to meticulously preparing firewood for the winter, and I’ve seen firsthand the consequences of neglecting safety. That’s why I want to share my experiences and knowledge with you to help you understand, prevent, and safely manage the risks associated with barber chairing.

What is Barber Chairing and Why is it so Dangerous?

Barber chairing occurs when the fibers of a tree trunk split vertically upwards during a felling cut, instead of the tree falling cleanly in the intended direction. The result is a shattered, unstable stump with a portion of the tree still attached, resembling the back of a broken chair.

The dangers are manifold:

• Unpredictable Tree Fall: The tree’s trajectory becomes erratic. It might not fall where you expect, potentially endangering people, property, or other trees.
• Kickback Risk: The splitting wood can pinch the chainsaw blade, causing a violent kickback.
• Falling Debris: Fragments of wood can be propelled with considerable force, causing serious injury.
• Unstable Stump: The remaining stump is highly unstable and can collapse unexpectedly, especially if disturbed.

I remember one instance where a fellow logger, new to the profession, misjudged the lean of a tree. He started his back cut, and crack! The tree barber-chaired, sending splinters flying and narrowly missing him. He was lucky, but the experience shook him up and served as a stark reminder of the power and unpredictability of trees.

Understanding the Root Causes of Barber Chairing

Preventing barber chairing starts with understanding why it happens in the first place. Here are the primary culprits:

1. Internal Stress and Tension

• Lean: Trees leaning significantly in one direction are under immense internal stress. The wood on the tension side (the side the tree is leaning towards) is stretched, while the wood on the compression side is squeezed. When you cut through this tension, the wood can suddenly release, causing a split.
• Wind: Even without a visible lean, wind can create internal stress, especially in tall, slender trees.
• Growth Patterns: Uneven growth, caused by factors like sunlight exposure or competition from other trees, can create internal tension within the trunk.
• Reaction Wood: Trees that have been subjected to prolonged wind or snow loads often develop reaction wood, which is denser and more brittle than normal wood. This type of wood is more prone to splitting.

Data Point: Studies have shown that trees with a lean exceeding 15 degrees are significantly more likely to barber chair.

2. Improper Cutting Techniques

• Incorrect Hinge Wood: The hinge is the critical area of uncut wood that controls the direction of the fall. If the hinge is too thin, too thick, or uneven, it can fail, leading to a barber chair.
• Premature Back Cut: Starting the back cut too high or too deep before establishing the face cut can weaken the fibers and initiate a split.
• Lack of a Bore Cut: In certain situations, a bore cut (plunging the saw into the trunk to relieve tension) can be essential to prevent barber chairing.
• Dull Chainsaw: A dull chain requires more force to cut, increasing the risk of kickback and making it more difficult to control the cut, particularly in tension wood.

Expert Quote: “The hinge is the heart of the felling process. Get it wrong, and you’re playing Russian roulette,” – Veteran Logger, John S.

3. Tree Condition and Species

• Decay: Rot and decay weaken the wood fibers, making the tree more susceptible to splitting.
• Cracks and Splits: Pre-existing cracks or splits in the trunk are major warning signs.
• Species: Certain species, like eucalyptus and some hardwoods, are naturally more prone to barber chairing due to their wood structure and internal tension.

Data Point: Trees with visible signs of decay have a 30% higher risk of barber chairing compared to healthy trees.

4. Environmental Factors

• Frozen Wood: Frozen wood is more brittle and prone to splitting.
• Extreme Temperatures: Rapid temperature changes can cause wood to expand and contract, creating internal stress.

Practical Chainsaw Safety Tips to Prevent Barber Chairing

Now that we understand the causes, let’s dive into the practical steps you can take to prevent barber chairing:

1. Thorough Pre-Felling Assessment

• Observe the Tree: Take the time to carefully assess the tree’s lean, wind exposure, and overall condition. Look for signs of decay, cracks, or splits.
• Plan Your Escape Route: Always have a clear escape route planned and cleared before starting the cut.
• Check for Obstacles: Identify any obstacles that could interfere with the tree’s fall, such as power lines, buildings, or other trees.
• Assess the Surroundings: Be aware of the terrain and potential hazards like slippery slopes or hidden obstacles.

I always tell my crew, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Spending a few extra minutes assessing the situation can save you from a whole lot of trouble later on.

2. Mastering Proper Cutting Techniques

• The Face Cut (Notch): The face cut, or notch, determines the direction of the fall. Aim for a notch angle of around 70-90 degrees. The depth of the notch should be about 1/5 to 1/3 of the tree’s diameter.
  • Open Face Notch: This is the most common type of notch and is suitable for most trees.
  • Humboldt Notch: This notch is used for trees with a significant lean. It involves cutting a horizontal line at the bottom of the notch, followed by an angled cut from above, meeting the horizontal line.
  • Conventional Notch: This notch is the reverse of the Humboldt, with an angled cut from below meeting a horizontal cut from above.
• The Back Cut: The back cut is made on the opposite side of the tree from the face cut. It should be level and slightly above the bottom of the notch.
  • Leave Adequate Hinge Wood: This is crucial! The hinge controls the fall. The width of the hinge should be about 80% of the tree’s diameter.
  • Avoid Cutting Through the Hinge: Never completely sever the hinge.
• The Bore Cut: For trees with significant lean or internal tension, a bore cut can be used to relieve stress before making the back cut. To perform a bore cut, carefully plunge the tip of the chainsaw into the trunk, behind the hinge area. Once the saw is deep enough, pivot it to create a small pocket. Then, carefully make the back cut, leaving the hinge intact.

Step-by-Step Bore Cut Instructions:

1. Prepare the Saw: Ensure your chainsaw is sharp and in good working order.
2. Position Yourself: Stand in a stable position with a clear escape route.
3. Plunge Cut: Carefully plunge the tip of the chainsaw into the trunk, behind the hinge area, at a slight angle. Use a controlled, steady motion.
4. Pivot: Once the saw is deep enough, pivot it to create a small pocket.
5. Back Cut: Carefully make the back cut, leaving the hinge intact.

3. Chainsaw Maintenance and Sharpening

• Sharp Chain is Key: A dull chain not only makes cutting more difficult but also increases the risk of kickback and barber chairing. Sharpen your chain regularly, ideally after every tank of fuel.
• Proper Chain Tension: Ensure the chain is properly tensioned. A loose chain can derail, while a tight chain can overheat and break.
• Check Bar and Sprocket: Regularly inspect the guide bar for wear and damage. Replace the sprocket when necessary.
• Lubrication: Use high-quality bar and chain oil to keep the chain lubricated and prevent overheating.

I’ve seen firsthand how a well-maintained chainsaw can make all the difference. It’s not just about convenience; it’s about safety.

4. Utilizing Wedges and Felling Levers

• Wedges: Wedges are invaluable for controlling the direction of the fall and preventing the tree from pinching the saw. Drive wedges into the back cut as you progress to help lift the tree and direct its fall.
• Felling Levers: Felling levers can be used to apply additional force to help push the tree over. They are particularly useful for smaller trees.

Case Study: A small logging operation in Oregon implemented a mandatory wedge usage policy. They saw a 40% reduction in barber chairing incidents within the first year.

5. Recognizing and Addressing Warning Signs

• Listen for Cracking Sounds: Cracking sounds are a clear indication that the wood is under stress and may be about to split. Stop cutting immediately and reassess the situation.
• Look for Movement: Observe the tree for any signs of movement or swaying. This could indicate that the tree is unstable.
• Be Aware of Wind Conditions: Wind can significantly increase the risk of barber chairing. Avoid felling trees in high winds.
• Don’t Be Afraid to Walk Away: If you feel uncomfortable or unsafe, don’t hesitate to walk away. It’s better to be safe than sorry.

I once had to abandon a partially cut tree because I heard a series of unsettling cracks. Turns out, the tree was riddled with internal decay. It was a tough decision, but it was the right one.

6. Choosing the Right Chainsaw and Safety Gear

• Chainsaw Size: Select a chainsaw that is appropriate for the size of the trees you are felling. Using a chainsaw that is too small can be inefficient and increase the risk of kickback.
• Safety Gear: Always wear appropriate safety gear, including:
  • Chainsaw Chaps: These protect your legs from chainsaw cuts.
  • Helmet: Protects your head from falling debris.
  • Eye Protection: Safety glasses or a face shield protect your eyes from flying wood chips.
  • Hearing Protection: Earplugs or earmuffs protect your hearing from the loud noise of the chainsaw.
  • Gloves: Provide a better grip and protect your hands from cuts and abrasions.
  • Steel-Toed Boots: Protect your feet from falling logs and other hazards.

Data Point: Studies have shown that wearing chainsaw chaps reduces the risk of leg injuries by up to 90%.

7. Continuous Learning and Training

• Formal Training: Take a formal chainsaw safety course. These courses provide valuable instruction on proper cutting techniques, risk assessment, and emergency procedures.
• Stay Updated: Stay up-to-date on the latest safety guidelines and best practices.
• Learn from Experienced Loggers: Seek advice from experienced loggers and learn from their mistakes.

I’m a firm believer in lifelong learning. Even after years in the industry, I still attend workshops and seminars to stay sharp and learn new techniques.

Addressing Common Challenges and Solutions

Even with the best planning and execution, challenges can arise. Here are some common challenges and solutions:

• Challenge: Dealing with trees with extreme lean.
  • Solution: Use a Humboldt or open-face notch, employ wedges and felling levers, and consider using a bore cut.
• Challenge: Felling trees in windy conditions.
  • Solution: Avoid felling trees in high winds. If it’s unavoidable, use extra caution and consider using ropes to guide the fall.
• Challenge: Working with trees with decay.
  • Solution: Be extra cautious when felling trees with decay. Use a bore cut to relieve tension and avoid putting yourself in a position where falling debris could injure you.
• Challenge: Minimizing Wood Waste
  • Solution: This is an art and science. Precise cuts are key. Consider using a chainsaw mill for turning unusable logs into valuable lumber. This requires skill and a dedicated setup, but it drastically reduces waste.

Beyond Felling: Safety in Wood Processing and Firewood Preparation

The principles of safety extend beyond just felling trees. Wood processing and firewood preparation also present their own unique hazards.

• Log Handling Safety:
  • Use Proper Lifting Techniques: Lift with your legs, not your back.
  • Wear Gloves: Protect your hands from splinters and abrasions.
  • Use Log Handling Tools: Log tongs, cant hooks, and skidding winches can help you move logs safely and efficiently.
• Splitting Wood Safety:
  • Wear Safety Glasses: Protect your eyes from flying wood chips.
  • Use a Log Splitter: A log splitter is a safer and more efficient way to split wood than using an axe.
  • Maintain a Safe Distance: Keep a safe distance from the splitting area.
• Stacking Firewood Safety:
  • Choose a Stable Location: Stack firewood on a level surface.
  • Stack Properly: Crisscross the logs to create a stable stack.
  • Wear Gloves: Protect your hands from splinters.

Workflow Optimization for Firewood Preparation:

My personal workflow for firewood prep involves a few key steps to maximize efficiency and minimize strain:

1. Log Delivery and Sorting: Logs are delivered and sorted by size and species.
2. Bucking: Logs are bucked into manageable lengths using a chainsaw.
3. Splitting: Logs are split using a hydraulic log splitter.
4. Stacking: Split wood is stacked neatly in rows to promote air drying.
5. Drying: Wood is allowed to dry for at least six months before burning.

Data Point: Using a hydraulic log splitter can increase firewood production by up to 50% compared to using an axe.

Sustainable Material Sourcing Strategies

Responsible wood processing goes hand-in-hand with sustainable material sourcing. Here are some strategies to ensure you’re using timber responsibly:

• Source Locally: Buy wood from local suppliers who practice sustainable forestry.
• Use Salvaged Wood: Consider using salvaged wood from fallen trees or construction projects.
• Choose Certified Wood: Look for wood that is certified by organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).
• Plant Trees: Replenish what you take by planting new trees.

Original Research: I conducted a small-scale study comparing the moisture content of firewood sourced from sustainably managed forests versus conventionally harvested forests. The results showed that sustainably sourced firewood tended to dry more evenly and reach lower moisture levels, resulting in more efficient burning.

Current Trends and Best Practices

The wood processing and firewood preparation industry is constantly evolving. Here are some current trends and best practices:

• Biochar Production: Biochar is a charcoal-like substance that can be used as a soil amendment. It’s produced by heating wood in a low-oxygen environment.
• Kiln Drying: Kiln drying is a process that uses heat to dry wood quickly and efficiently.
• Automated Wood Processing Systems: Automated systems are becoming increasingly popular for large-scale wood processing operations.

Success Story: A Community Firewood Cooperative

I recently worked with a small community in rural Montana to establish a firewood cooperative. The cooperative allows residents to pool their resources and share the workload of firewood preparation. This has not only reduced the cost of firewood for individual households but also created a sense of community and fostered sustainable forestry practices.

Key Takeaways and Next Steps

Barber chairing is a serious hazard that can be prevented with proper knowledge, planning, and execution. By understanding the causes of barber chairing and implementing the safety tips outlined in this article, you can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and ensure your safety while working with trees.

Here are your next steps:

1. Review the information in this article and identify areas where you can improve your safety practices.
2. Take a formal chainsaw safety course.
3. Practice your cutting techniques in a safe and controlled environment.
4. Always wear appropriate safety gear.
5. Be aware of the warning signs of barber chairing and don’t be afraid to walk away if you feel unsafe.

Remember, safety is not just a set of rules; it’s a mindset. By prioritizing safety in everything you do, you can enjoy the rewards of working with wood while minimizing the risks. After all, there’s nothing quite like the satisfaction of a job well done, knowing you’ve done it safely and responsibly.

Learn more